The idol of the South to this day, Virginian Robert E. Lee had some difficulty in adjusting to the new form of warfare that unfolded with the Civil war, but this did not prevent him from keeping the Union armies in Virginia at bay for almost three years. The son of Revolutionary War hero "Light Horse" Harry Lee-who fell into disrepute in his later years attended West Point and graduated second in his class. During his four years at the military academy he did not earn a single demerit and served as the cadet corps' adjutant. Upon his 1829 graduation he was posted to the engineers. Before the Mexican War he served on engineering projects in Georgia, Virginia, and New York. During the war he served on the staffs of John Wool and Winfield Scott. Particularly distinguishing himself scouting for and guiding troops, he won three brevets and was slightly wounded at Chapultepec.
       Following a stint in Baltimore Harbor he became superintendent of the military academy in 1852. When the mounted arm was expanded in 1855, Lee accepted the lieutenant colonelcy of the 2nd Cavalry in order to escape from the painfully slow promotion in the engineers. Ordered to western Texas, he served with his regiment until the 1857 death of his father-in-law forced him to ask for a series of leaves to settle the estate.
       In 1859 he was called upon to lead a force of marines, to join with the militia on the scene, to put an end to John Brown's Harper's Ferry Raid. Thereafter he served again in Texas until summoned to Washington in 1861 by Winfield Scott who tried to retain Lee in the U. S. service. But the Virginian rejected the command of the Union's field forces on the day after Virginia seceded. He then accepted an invitation to visit Governor John Letcher in Virginia. His resignation as colonel, 1st Cavalry-to which he had recently been promoted-was accepted on April 25, 1861.
       His Southern assignments included: major general, Virginia's land and naval forces (April 23, 1861); commanding Virginia forces (April 23 July 1861); brigadier general, CSA (May 14, 186 1); general, CSA (from June 14, 186 1); commanding Department of Northwestern Virginia (late July-October 1861); commanding Department of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida (November 8, 186 1-March 3, 1862); and commanding Army of Northern Virginia June 1, 1862-April 9, 1865).
       In charge of Virginia's fledgling military might, he was mainly involved in organizational matters. As a Confederate brigadier general, and later full general, he was in charge of supervising all Southern forces in Virginia. In the first summer of the war he was given his first field command in western Virginia. His Cheat Mountain Campaign was a disappointing fizzle largely due to the failings of his superiors. His entire tenure in the region was unpleasant, dealing with the bickering of his subordinates-William W. Loring, John B. Floyd, and Henry A. Wise. After this he became known throughout the South as "Granny Lee. " His debut in field command had not been promising, but Jefferson Davis appointed him to command along the Southern Coast.
       Early in 1862 he was recalled to Richmond and made an advisor to the president. From this position he had some influence over military operations, especially those of Stonewall Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley. When Joseph E. Johnston launched his attack at Seven Pines, Davis and Lee were taken by surprise and rode out to the field. In the confusion of the fight Johnston was badly wounded, and that night Davis instructed Lee to take command of what he renamed the Army of Northern Virginia. He fought the second day of the battle but the initiative had already been lost the previous day. Later in the month, in a daring move, he left a small force in front of Richmond and crossed the Chickahominy to strike the one Union corps north of the river. In what was to be called the Seven Days Battles the individual fights-Beaver Dam Creek, Gaines' Mill, Savage Station, Glendale, White Oak Swamp, and Malvern Hill-were all tactical defeats for the Confederates. But Lee had achieved the strategic goal of removing McClellan's army from the very gates of Richmond.
       This created a new opinion of Lee in the South. He gradually became "Uncle Robert" and "Marse Robert." With McClellan neutralized, a new threat developed under John Pope in northern Virginia. At first Lee detached Jackson and then followed with Longstreet's command. Winning at 2nd Bull Run, he moved on into Maryland but suffered the misfortune of having a copy of his orders detailing the disposition of his divided forces fall into the hands of the enemy. McClellan moved with unusual speed and Lee was forced to fight a delaying action along South Mountain while waiting for Jackson to complete the capture of Harpers Ferry and rejoin him. He masterfully fought McClellan to a stand still at Antietam and two days later recrossed the Potomac.
       Near the end of the year he won an easy victory over Burnside at Fredericksburg and then trounced Hooker in his most creditable victory at Chancellorsville, where he had detached Jackson with most of the army on a lengthy flank march while he remained with only two divisions in the immediate front of the Union army. Launching his second invasion of the North, he lost at Gettysburg. On the third day of the battle he displayed one of his major faults when at Malvern Hill and on other fields-he ordered a massed infantry assault across a wide plain, not recognizing that the rifle, which had come into use since the Mexican War, put the charging troops under fire for too long a period. Another problem was his issuance of general orders to be executed by his subordinates.
       Returning to Virginia he commanded in the inconclusive Bristoe and Mine Run campaigns. From the Wilderness to Petersburg he fought a retiring campaign against Grant in which he made full use of entrenchments, becoming known as "Ace of Spades" Lee. Finally forced into a siege, he held on to Richmond and Petersburg for nearly 10 months before beginning his retreat to Appomattox, where he was forced to surrender. On January 23, 1865, he had been named as commander in chief of the Confederate armies but he found himself too burdened in Virginia to give more than general directives to the other theaters.
       Lee returned to Richmond as a paroled prisoner of war, and submitted with the utmost composure to an altered destiny. He devoted the rest of his life to setting an example of conduct for other thousands of ex-Confederates. He refused a number of offers which would have secured substantial means for his family. Instead, he assumed the presidency of Washington College (now Washington and Lee University) in Lexington, Virginia, and his reputation revitalized the school after the war. Lee's enormous wartime prestige, both in the North and South, and the devotion inspired by his unconscious symbolism of the "Lost Cause" made his a legendary figure even before his death. He died on October 12 1870, of heart disease which had plagued him since the spring of 1863, at Lexington, Va. and is buried there. Somehow, his application for restoration of citizenship was mislaid, and it was not until the 1970's that it was found and granted.
Source: "Who Was Who In The Civil War" by Stewart Sifakis

The tank was first revealed in October 1999 during the national parade and entered service in small numbers for operational tests and evaluation before the finalisation of the design.

The production version, known initially as Type 98 and later as Type 98G, and then finally improve the performance and named it as Type 99, was revealed in 2001. It has an improved engine and additional Leopard 2A5-style sloped armour on the turret front and sides.

The official manufacturer's designation seems to be ZTZ-99. The tank is also known by its industrial index as the WZ-123 MBT. The unit price is greater than 16 million renminbi yuan (2006 price, ~2 million USD, ~1.6 million EUR).

In part due to its high cost, this tank will not be deployed in large numbers, like earlier models such as the Type 59. Due to its limited numbers, the Type 99 is currently only operated by PLA's elite divisions.

Design

The development of the new tank was initiated in the early 90s during the Gulf War. Western tanks had destroyed numerous Iraqi Soviet-made T-72s, which were comparable to the most advanced tank in the PLA arsenal at the time: the Type 90 tank. The PLA realised that their tanks were no match for the Western MBT designs such as the Challenger 2 and M1A1, and initiated a project to develop a new, modern main battle tank which eventually resulted in the Type 99. The design was heavily influenced by the Soviet T-80 and the German Leopard 2. Features include a sloped turret armor for increased protection, among others. The driver's compartment is in the front while the fighting compartment lies directly behind it and the engine is installed in the rear.

To accommodate more equipment and ammunition, the Type 99's turret is slightly larger than that of the Type 90, resulting in a gap between the turret and hull in the front. This could be a major disadvantage in battle as it acts as a shot trap and exposes the turret ring, increasing the likelihood of hits from the front jamming the turret.

This effect, however, is not to be confused with the World War II shot-trap effect, for modern long-rod kinetic energy penetrators (APFSDS) behave in a different manner to traditional solid shot armour-piercing rounds. The Leopard 2A5 and 2A6 also feature this wedge on the turret front, which Leopard engineers deliberately designed in such a way as to subject an incoming APFSDS round to yaw forces. This places the penetrator under enormous stress, so much so that it may shear, thus preventing its penetration of the turret. The projectile still imparts its kinetic energy to the turret, but not in a fashion that will penetrate the armour.

The tank is equipped with an active laser defense system. The laser warning receiver can determine the location of an attacking enemy tank, while the high-powered laser dazzler can damage or destroy the enemy's optics (eyes). It can also be used as a secure communications device.

The ZTZ99’s main armament includes a dual-axis fully-stabilised 125mm/50-calibre ZPT98 smoothbore gun with a carousel-style autoloader, a thermal sleeve, and a fume extractor. It is a further developement of the 120mm Chinese Design. The gun can be fired by either electronic or manual control. The gun barrel can be replaced within one hour. Loading is mechanical with 41 rounds carried inside the turret and vehicle hull. The gun can fire about 8 rounds per minute using autoloader and 1~2 rounds per minute with manual loading. Ammunition includes armour-piercing fin stabilized discarding sabot (APFSDS), high explosive anti-tank (HEAT), and high explosive fragmentation (HE-FRAG) projectiles. China has also reportedly manufactured Russian AT-11 laser-guided anti-tank missiles (ATGM) to be fired from the 125 mm gun for enemy tank with Explosive Reactive Armour, with an effective range of 4.5km. In addition, the Chinese have developed depleted uranium (DU) rounds for their tanks and these may be available for the Type 99. The primary kinetic energy armour-piercing ammunition for the 125mm tank gun is the APFSDS round with a 30:1 length/calibre heavy tungsten alloy penetrator and the round has a muzzle velocity of 1,780m/s and is capable of penetrating 850mm steel armour at a distance of 2,000m. A depleted uranium (DU) APFSDS round which can penetrate 960mm steel armour at a distance of 2,000m and the accuracy range would be approx 5km on non moving target with APFSDS depleted uranium.

Armour

Currently, the actual armour composition of the Type-99/ZTZ-99 remains unknown. There are public photos of experimental Chinese composite armours, specifically Al₂O₃ which has been tested. The armour didn't sustain any significant damage after being shot by a T-72C 125mm armament 7 times or a 105mm armament 9 times in a range of 1,800 meters The tank’s front armour protection is equivalent to 1,000~1,200mm of steel armour.^[4] Also, there are significant differences between the armour packages displayed on the current Type 99s and the ones first seen in 1999.

Another theory that has been suggested is that the armor additions are not ERA, but composite layers in block formThe reason is that the blocks are too large to be effectively used as ERA, since one detonation leads to a large unprotected area. Further support is given in the fact that Eastern Bloc armies had two armor packages after the introduction of ERA. Live ERA blocks for wartime and composite blocks for peacetime, as maintaining ERA blocks during operational conditions is both expensive and hazardous.

Fire accuracy is attained by the laser rangefinder, wind sensor, ballistic computer, and thermal barrel sleeve. Dual axis stabilization ensures effective firing on the move. The commander has six periscopes and a stabilized panoramic sight. Both the commander and gunner have roof-mounted stabilized sights fitted with day/thermal channels, a laser rangefinder and an auto tracker facility. The commander has a display showing the gunner's thermal sight, enabling the commander to fire the main gun. The Thermal Imaging System (TIS) with cooled detector using processing in the element (SPRITE) technology has magnification x11.4 narrow field of view and x5 wide field of view.

The Type 99 is also fitted with a computerized onboard information processing system, which can collect information from vehicle navigation (Inertia/GPS), observation systems and sensors, process it in the computer and display it on the commander's display, giving the ability of real-time command and beyond-vision-range target engaging.

The Pentagon's annual report on China released last week highlighted Beijing's efforts to modernise its air force and navy, aimed largely at military contingencies against Taiwan, but also further afield.

Communist China has claimed sovereignty over Taiwan since the end of the civil war in 1949 and vows to bring the self-governed democracy back under mainland rule, if necessary by force.

Beijing backs up its threats by aiming nearly 1,000 missiles at Taiwan, according to the Taiwan government's estimate.

Analysts say Taiwan still maintains a slight qualitative edge in terms of aircraft and pilot training, but add that the gap has narrowed sharply due to partisan bickering in Taipei that has put new jet acquisitions on ice for more than a decade.

A string of training accidents has highlighted the advanced age of many aircraft, leading some to question how long the island can maintain its aerial advantage over China. A fighter jet crashed during exercises earlier this month, killing two crew and five soldiers on the ground.

"The gap is closing quickly," said Randall G. Schriver, former Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs. "Air superiority not only protects Taiwan from air strikes, it is also key to preventing naval incursions ... and prevents against amphibious landing."

The People's Liberation Army (PLA) now has more than 700 aircraft capable of conducting combat operations against Taiwan without refuelling, according to the Pentagon's 2007 report on China's military power.

FIFTIES TECHNOLOGY

Still, much of that is based on 1950s Soviet technology, including Mig-19 and Mig-21 jets, analysts say.

"The PLA air force right now has superiority in quantity, but their training is not as good as Taiwan pilots, who fly around 15 hours per month. The PLA only fly 5 hours per month," said Eric Shih, chief convener at Defence International magazine in Taipei.

The slip in Taiwan's air dominance comes after the island has already lost its edge on land. Taiwan's ground forces are now outnumbered by China's army by more than 10-to-1, the Pentagon report shows.

Taiwan's premier naval vessels include four U.S.-made Kidd class destroyers, but even they are outgunned 6-to-1 by the Chinese equivalent, the report says. Underwater, Taiwan's fleet of four ageing subs is outnumbered by almost 60 for China.

Even the Taiwan defence department has expressed concern at the narrowing gap, without directly mentioning air power.

Earlier this year, China unveiled its advanced Jian-10 multirole indigenous fighter jet, with plans to produce 1,200 of the aircraft, according to previous Pentagon estimates.

"Not only does the J-10 pose a risk to the Russian fighter export market, but it considerably boosts the Chinese air force's tactical offensive capabilities, especially vis-a-vis Taiwan," said GlobalSecurity.org on its Web site.

The site estimates that by 2005 China had 200 Russian-made Su-30s and 180 Su-27s. It also a co-production agreement with Russia to build its own version of the Su-27, known as the J-11.

Taiwan counters China's threat with around 150 U.S.-made F-16s, 56 French-supplied Mirage 2000s, 130 Indigenous Defence Fighters (IDFs) and 60 or so 1970s-era F-5s.

While the numbers are moving in China's direction, Taiwan is bolstered by the implicit assistance of the United States.

The United States switched diplomatic recognition from Taipei to Beijing in 1979, recognising "one China", but is obliged by the Taiwan Relations Act to help the island defend itself and is its biggest arms supplier.

Taiwan's military wants to buy more advanced fighters for its air force, but has been stalled by partisan government bickering.

Washington has denied its request to buy 60 more F-16s to replace the IDFs and F-5s due to parliament's repeated failure to pass a budget for a U.S. weapons package first offered in 2001.

Opposition lawmakers said the original $18 billion budget was hugely inflated and some weapons offered were too provocative.

At the same time the defence ministry's budget has steadily declined as a real percentage of GDP, endangering existing weaponry by reducing funds available for maintenance.

"If more than 50 percent of the money goes to personnel, then how much is left for maintenance?" said Arthur Ding, a politics research fellow at National Chengchi University's Institute of International Relations.

In 1526, the forces of Zahir al-Din Muhammad Babur, the ruler of Kabul and of Timurid descent, defeated the much larger army of Ibrahim Lodhi, the ruler of the large North Indian Delhi Sultanate.

The battle was fought on April 21 near the small village of Panipat, in the present day Indian state of Haryana, an area that has been the site of a number of decisive battles for the control of Northern India since the twelfth century.

It is estimated that Babur's forces numbered about 15,000 men and he had between 15 to 20 pieces of field artillery, however Lodhi had around 100,000 men, though that number included camp followers, while the fighting force was around 30,000 to 40,000 men in total, along with at least 100 war elephants. Babur's guns proved decisive in battle, firstly because Ibrahim Lodhi lacked any field artillery but also because elephants are scared of guns. Babur could use the guns to scare the elephants away, causing them to trample Lodhi's own men. Babur was an inspirational leader of men and commanded a well disciplined army.

Ibrahim Lodhi died on the field of battle, abandoned by his feudatories and generals (many of whom were mercenaries), most of whom would change their allegiance to the new master of Delhi.

The battle marked the foundation of the Mughal Empire in India. The word Mughal means Mongol and alludes to the Turkic and Mongol origins of Babur and his officers, though the majority of his troops were of Pathan, Indian and mixed Central Asian descent.

Ongoing skirmishes between Georgian troops and South Ossetian rebels escalated into war in the evening of 7 August 2008, when Georgia launched a ground and air based military attack against Tskhinvali. Russia responded by sending additional troops into South Ossetia and launching bombing raids further into Georgia.^{[28][29][30][31]} One day later Abkhazia, like South Ossetia split since the early 90's into a Georgian held part and a de-facto independent break-away part, opened a second front by attacking the Kodori Gorge, held by Georgia.^[32]

Within five days of fighting, Georgian forces were routed and Russian troops intruded into Georgia proper, occupying some parts thereof, including Georgian cities of Poti and Gori.^[33] A preliminary ceasefire was signed on 12 August 2008, although fighting did not stop immediately.^[34] Following the conflict, Russia withdrew most of its forces from mainland Georgia, but some remain there.^[35]

^{Amidst rising ethnic tensions, a quasi-military conflict broke out in January 1991 when Georgian forces entered Tskhinvali; more than 2,000 people are believed to have been killed.[37][38] The war resulted in South Ossetia, which has a Georgian ethnic minority of around one fifth of the total population (70,000),[39] breaking away from Georgia and gaining de facto independence. After a cease-fire in 1992, Tskhinvali was isolated from the Georgian territory around it, and accounts of atrocities against Ossetians — rapes and grisly killings — circulated endlessly.[37] Russian, Georgian and South Ossetian peacekeepers were stationed in South Ossetia under the JCC's mandate of demilitarization.[40][41] The 1992 ceasefire also defined both a zone of conflict around the South Ossetian capital of Tskhinvali and a security corridor along the border of South Ossetian territories.}

In the 2006 South Ossetian independence referendum, full independence was supported by 99% of voters, although ethnic Georgians living in the region did not participate. Georgia accused Russia of the annexation of its internationally recognised territory and installing a puppet government led by Eduard Kokoity and several officials who previously served in the Russian FSB and Army.^{[42][43][44][45]} Restoring South Ossetia and Abkhazia (a region with a similar movement) to Georgian control has been a goal of Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili since the Rose Revolution.^[46]

According to the Russian President Dmitry Medvedev, 90% of South Ossetians possess Russian passports and thereby qualify for protection under article 80 of the Russian constitution.^{[47][48][not in citation given]} The BBC and other sources^[49] confirm that Russia has issued "most citizens" with passports, "potentially justifying direct intervention".^[50][51] Reuters describes the government as "dependent on Russia, [supplier of] two thirds of [its] annual budget", and reports that "Russia's state-controlled gas giant Gazprom is building new gas pipelines and infrastructure" worth hundreds of millions of dollars to supply its cities with energy.^[52]

According to Georgian Defence Minister from 2004 to 2006, Irakli Okruashvili, he and Saakashvili had worked together on military plans to invade South Ossetia and Abkhazia, saying "Abkhazia was our strategic priority, but we drew up military plans in 2005 for taking both Abkhazia and South Ossetia as well".^[53] Okruashvili was granted political asylum in France after having to escape from Georgia before the 2008 Parliamentary elections.^[54]

In mid-April, 2008, the Russian Foreign Ministry announced that Prime Minister Putin had given instructions to the federal government whereby Moscow would pursue economic, diplomatic, and administrative relations with Abkhazia and South Ossetia as with the subjects of Russia.^[55] In April 2008, Georgia accused Russia of shooting down a Georgian spy plane flying over Abkhazia. Russia denied involvement. Also Georgian interior ministry officials showed the BBC video footage of Russian troops deploying heavy military hardware in the breakaway region of Abkhazia and said that "it proved the Russians were a fighting force, not just peacekeepers." All this was denied by Russia.^[56]

Let it be, let it be, let it be, let it be.
Whisper words of wisdom, let it be.

And when the broken hearted people living in the world agree,
there will be an answer, let it be.
For though they may be parted there is still a chance that they will see,
there will be an answer. let it be.

Let it be, let it be, .....

And when the night is cloudy, there is still a light, that shines on me,
shine until tomorrow, let it be.
I wake up to the sound of music, mother Mary comes to me,
speaking words of wisdom, let it be.

Let it be, let it be, .....

I use a soft baby sky blue (material from Japan) needle TULIP 7/0 for Joshua and darker blue (goat material that I brought in Shanghai) needle ROSE 4/0 for Lilly's baby (also the same pattern)

While making all these mittens, the tiny little ones, I wish one day I could make all these project for my future princess or prince. I believe one day will come to past~

When you're weary
Feeling small
When tears are in your eyes
I will dry them all

I'm on your side
When times get rough
And friends just can't be found
Like a bridge over troubled water
I will lay me down
Like a bridge over troubled water
I will lay me down

When you're down and out
When you're on the street
When evening falls so hard
I will comfort you

I'll take your part
When darkness comes
And pain is all around
Like a bridge over troubled water
I will lay me down
Like a bridge over troubled water
I will lay me down

Sail on Silver Girl,
Sail on by
Your time has come to shine
All your dreams are on their way

See how they shine
If you need a friend
I'm sailing right behind
Like a bridge over troubled water
I will ease your mind
Like a bridge over troubled water
I will ease your mind

The Sound of Silence

Hello, darkness, my old friend
I've come to talk with you again
Because a vision softly creeping
Left its seeds while I was sleeping
And the vision
That was planted in my brain
Still remains
Within the sound of silence

In restless dreams I walked alone
Narrow streets of cobblestone
Beneath the halo of a street lamp
I turned my collar to the cold and damp
When my eyes were stabbed
By the flash of a neon light
That split the night
And touched the sound of silence

And in the naked light I saw
Ten thousand people, maybe more
People talking without speaking
People hearing without listening
People writing songs that voices never share...
And no one dare
Disturb the sound of silence.

"Fools," said I, "you do not know
Silence like a cancer grows."
"Hear my words that I might teach you,
Take my arms that I might reach you."
But my words like silent raindrops fell,
And echoed in the wells of silence.

And the people bowed and prayed
To the neon god they made.
And the sign flashed out its warning
In the words that it was forming.
And the signs said: "The words of the prophets
Are written on the subway walls
And tenement halls,
And whisper'd in the sound of silence."

Bashar, Mohammad Rafique, Alok Kapali, Shahriar Nafees, Aftab Ahmed, Nazim Uddin, Farhad Reza and Dhiman Ghosh are among the players who will sign a contact with the ICL this week, reported the Dhaka-based Bengali national daily Prothom Alo.

Kapali, Reza and Dhiman were in the Bangladesh squad that played a three-match one-day series against Australia earlier this month.

Players participating in the league, which is not sanctioned by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI), have been banned from playing international cricket by their respective national cricket boards.

WINXP SP3

The unusual aspect of this photo is that it is cut in half diagonally by the edge of the bridge. Neither the bridge itself or the cloud in the sky are intended to be the focal point; rather, the harsh edge is what I think is most interesting. The bottom of the bridge is so dark and nondescript while the sky is very vibrant. Both parts clash just right to bring they eyes along the top edge. Photos normally shouldn't be divided in half like this, but I think it makes it more ambiguous and interesting to the viewer.

What is Cisco LEAP?
Cisco LEAP is based on the 802.1x standard ratified by the IEEE in July 2001. 802.1x deals withthe authentication process for association of wireless clients to an access point via the use of a supporting authentication server. The 802.1x authentication process uses the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) between the wireless client and the authentication server.

When looking at the bigger picture, the process is rather simple. A wireless client associates to an access point. The access point blocks all user requests to access the LAN, at which time the user provides login authentication credentials. The wireless access point then sends the authentication request to a RADIUS server. The RADIUS server examines the request and either consults its internal database or proxies the request to another server. If access is authenticated, the RADIUS server and client derive a Unicast WEP key that is used for transmission.

Undoubtedly, in an effort to keep recent flaws in wireless security from slowing a growing market, Cisco introduced its version of 802.1x and EAP before it achieved full ratification by the IEEE. Cisco’s nonstandard version, called Lightweight EAP (LEAP), is an authentication algorithm that leverages the 802.1x authentication framework but functions as Cisco's proprietary lightweight implementation of EAP.

Cisco LEAP provides for dynamic per-user, per-session WEP keys every time the user authenticates to use the wireless network. WEP key timeout settings can force reauthentication, resulting in the creation of a new WEP key for even existing sessions. By setting the WEP key timeout, the wireless session will change fast enough to prevent sniffing of packets in an effort to derive the key.

Cisco’s LEAP is distinguished by the fact that it is based on mutual authentication, meaning both the user and the access point must be authenticated before access to the LAN is allowed. Mutual authentication can help protect wireless networks from rogue access points, man-in-the-middle attacks, sniffing attacks, and active attacks. Cisco’s LEAP still uses a RADIUS to control both devices and users that are allowed access to the wireless network. The RADIUS server can use the backend directories of Windows NT, Active Directory, ODBC, or better yet, Cisco’s Secure Access Control Server.

Requirements and implementation
In general, the requirements of implementing a wireless environment based on EAP are straightforward. The client wireless network adaptors must be compatible with the 802.1x standard. The client access software must also be capable of supporting EAP. Wireless APs must also be compatible with EAP.

If you are running an end-to-end Cisco wireless network, it's safe to say that you have all the requirements necessary to implement LEAP in your environment, save a few firmware upgrades. Clients associating to APs must run the correct version of firmware to interoperate with the Cisco LEAP-enabled APs. Any Aironet 340 or 350 Series NIC will need to be running a firmware version no later than v4.25.10, coupled with the recommended Aironet Client Utility v5.01.

Both the Cisco Aironet 340 and 350 Series Access Points running at least firmware version 11.05a are supported. The 350 Series Wireless Bridges running firmware version 11.10T1 are also ready for LEAP. The Aironet 340 and 350 Series Workgroup Bridges require firmware v8.65. Cisco recommends that all access points run the same firmware version before implementing LEAP. Ideally, Cisco Access Control Server is also recommended as the RADIUS server.

In general, three steps are necessary to set up LEAP for your Cisco wireless environment. First, you need to add all participating access points to the Cisco Access Control Server (or you need to set them up on a RADIUS server running on another platform). This is where you specify the reauthentication option. The Cisco LEAP algorithm uses this option to expire the current WEP session key for the user and issue a new WEP session key. It is important to note that reauthentication is disabled by default.

Second, you must enable Cisco LEAP on the actual root bridge or access point. Third, you should configure all wireless clients for LEAP by specifying the appropriate SSID and security settings using the Cisco Aironet Client utility. Remember, this is an overview. More in-depth information on implementing LEAP is available in this Cisco white paper on WLAN security.

Final analysis
Cisco successfully met client demands for a more secure wireless solution soon after the WEP vulnerability came to light. However, its proprietary solution requires the use of Cisco adapters, access points, and RADIUS servers. Knowing that the possibility of LEAP becoming an industry standard was in jeopardy due to its reliance on Cisco hardware, Cisco has now taken the steps to license LEAP to third-party vendors.

At the same time, the IEEE Task Force is hard at work trying to replace WEP with a more secure wireless protocol called TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol). TKIP is backward-compatible with current access points and wireless cards, and requires only a software upgrade. Whatever changes are coming, one thing is sure: Cisco LEAP currently provides one of the most effective methods for securing wireless networks.

Ability to hibernate is enabled by default on every Windows Vista installation. If you have disable and turn off hibernation feature, accidentally delete hiberfil.sys using Hibernation File Cleaner of Disk Cleanup tool, or you just simply cannot and unable to find the Hibernate button to put the computer into hibernation state, you can re-enable or try to enable and turn on the hibernation functionality in Vista again with the following command. In Windows Vista, users no longer able to enable or disable hibernation via desktop graphical user interface.

How to Enable and Turn On Hibernation Feature in Vista

1. Click Start button, then type Cmd in the Start Search box.
2. In the search results list, right click on “Cmd” and click on Run as Administrator item on contextual menu.
3. In the command prompt window, type the following command:powercfg -h on

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Dann bin ich nach Chicago geflogen. Bin dort um 1:20 angekommen. Da ich aber kein Ticket fuer meinen Weiterflug hatte, musste ich aus dem Sicherheitsbereich und zum Check-in, was circa eine Stunde gedauert hat und dann nochmal durch die Secuity Zone. Als ich dort mein Ticket gezeigt habe haben die mich zu einer anderen Reihe gebracht, wo mein Gepaeck komplett entleert wurde... Sehe ich aus wie ein Terrorist?

Am Gate habe ich ein paar andere Austauschschueler getroffen und 2 kannte ich schon. Dann sind wir alle nach Duesseldorf geflogen und dort mussten wir fuer 2 Stunden warten und sind dann nach München.

Meine Mutter und mein Stiefvater haben mich abgeholt. Wir sind nach Hause und ich hab sofort ein Bier aufgemacht und dann eine Weisswurst mit einer Brezen und, nicht zu vergessen, suessem Senf gegessen. Das Bier hat bei mir schon gewirkt. Ich muss wieder trainieren. ;-)

Dann bin ich in die Schule und habe meine Kumpels wieder gesehen. Hat sich nicht viel veraendert ausser die Frisuren und ein paar Leute sind groesser geworden. Aber sonst, alles wie immer.

Dann bin ich zum Maxi nach Hause.

Vor dem Abendessen sind Terry und ich zur Bank, wo ich mein Konto aufgeloest hab, und zur Post, wo ich ein Paket versendet hab.

Zum Abendessen gab es gutes Steak!

Dann sind Chris, Bob und ich zum Frisbee Golf spielen gegangen. Um 7:30 bin ich ins Kino, da dort Brady gearbeitet hat und ich mich von ihm verabschieden wollte. Jon-Michael war auch da.

Dann hab ich mich mit Katie und Maria getroffen und wir sind ueber eine amerikanische Karneval gelaufen. Der war recht ekelig und gaunerisch, sodass wir nicht sehr lang da waren.

Spaeter sind Katie und ich nochmal ins Kino und haben 45 Minuten mit Brady geredet. Dann sind wir zu meinem Haus. Katie und ich hatten eine Diskusion ueber uns und wie es weitergehen solle und so... Ziemlich traurig...

Chris hat bei mir uebernachtet und er hatte seine Freundin Kaylajo dabei und um 3 Uhr Nachts sind Casey und Lianna gekommen. Um 8 sind die Heim, denn das war die Zeit, als Bob aufgestanden ist und die Maedchen nicht erlaubt waren bei uns zu sein.

Ich hab dann fuer eine Stunde geschlafen und dann hat mich Terry aufgeweckt.

Um 6 ist sie Heim und wir sind zu Pizza Hut.

Als wir wieder Heim waren, sind Santino, Louis und David (aus Chicago) gekommen und wir haben Tischtennis gespielt.

Die sind um 9:15 Heim und Katie ist um 10 Uhr gekommen. Wir haben Fernsehr geguckt. Um 1 ist sie Heim.

Dann bin ich ins Fitnesscenter fuer 20 Minuten.

Dann hab ich das Deutschland Spiel angeguckt. 1:0 und somit in die naechste Runde gegen Portugal!

Um 4:30 hab ich mich mit Chris getroffen. Wir sind zu mir nach Hause.

Nachdem wir mit Terry bei Taco Bell essen gegangen sind, haben wir bei einem Fussballspiel zugeguckt.

Dann hat uns Katie abgeholt und wir sind zu einem See gefahren, wo circa 10 Leute waren. Dann sind wir fuer eine Stunde zu Jill's Haus und dann sind Katie und ich zu meinem Haus und waren dort bis 1 Uhr Nachts. Chris hat dann bei wmir uebernachtet.