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	<title>immanuel-kant &amp;laquo; WordPress.com Tag Feed</title>
	<link>http://wordpress.com/tag/immanuel-kant/</link>
	<description>Feed of posts on WordPress.com tagged "immanuel-kant"</description>
	<pubDate>Tue, 07 Oct 2008 09:48:20 +0000</pubDate>

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<title><![CDATA[Can You Live For a Year Without Lying?]]></title>
<link>http://paulbadgerstories.wordpress.com/?p=333</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 06 Oct 2008 12:51:52 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Paul Badger</dc:creator>
<guid>http://paulbadgerstories.pt-br.wordpress.com/2008/10/06/can-you-live-for-a-year-without-lying/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Duncan Campbell writes in the Guardian about one man&#8217;s attempt to live for a year without lyin]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2008/oct/06/philosophy" target="_blank">Duncan Campbell writes in the Guardian</a> about one man's attempt to live for a year without lying:</p>
<p style="padding-left:30px;">The philosopher Immanuel Kant believed that telling lies was always morally wrong. But is it possible to live without telling a single lie for a whole year? That is the task that Cathal Morrow has set himself and he will let us know next year if it is possible, when he has finished his book on the experiment, to be called The Complete Kant....</p>
<p>If you go to Morrow's website, <a href="http://thecompletekant.com/" target="_blank">The Complete Kant</a>, you can read the first chapter of his book, which is well worth reading.</p>
<p><em>Update (I was called away from the computer but now I'm back):</em></p>
<p>Morrow's predicament echoes a deep concern of mine which I find threaded through some of my short stories. Namely: is it actually possible for human beings to not lie? We all know that lies can harm people, but we also know that telling the truth can harm people as well. So whilst some lies are clearly wrong, some lies are necessary. ("Yes, that cake was delicious, Auntie"). We can find ourselves compelled to lie, not for personal gain, but simply to keep people happy.</p>
<p>Stepping back from the world as a whole, and looking at the millions of human conversations that take place each day, does this therefore mean that a lot of human happiness is often founded on illusions?</p>
<p>Similarly, some of my short stories deal with the question, "Is it actually possible for human beings to tell the truth?" After all, what is the truth, anyway? I know what it is to lie - I can understand how through emotional need, the truth can be deliberately distorted; but I also know that language, despite best intentions, often fails to capture the truth of something, or a situation.</p>
<p>If I steel myself to tell the truth, and nothing but the truth, I feel a sensation similar to that of someone grappling after a balloon being blown around in a fog. Not because I'm an obsessive liar who doesn't care about the truth, but simply because in some philosophical sense, truth as an objective entity, a fact outside human perception, cannot be reached by the subjectivity of human thought, or expressed in the subjectivity of human emotion and language.</p>
<p>For example, suppose I look out of the window now and I see a blue sky. And I want to convey what I'm seeing into a statement. I could type on this computer, "the sky is green", which is clearly a lie.</p>
<p>However, if I want to tell the truth - to convey in language the fact of something outside of myself, without any distortions - then I can type, "the sky is blue".</p>
<p>But look at what I've just written - can the phrase "the sky" hold the truth of what I'm seeing? Can it hold the size of it, the scale of it, the substance of it, the fact of it? And how can I convey an object separate from my emotional response to it? At best, it's just a phrase, the sound of words that refer to something outside, but the phrase can never hold in itself the thing it refers to. So when I type, all I can do is use signposts, pointers to something.</p>
<p>And when you read the words, "the sky", you may have an image of a sky in your head that is based on a memory of a sky you've seen in the past, or an imagined construct of what a sky is, and in that micro-second of human thought you may innocently assume it is the same sight as what I'm seeing, but it is not - different skies, different days.</p>
<p>In other words, when I say "the sky is blue", do I mean I can see just a wide expanse of blue with no clouds whatsoever, or are there patches of clouds here and there in a wide expanse of blue, or is most of what I'm looking at an expanse of clouds with just tiny patches of blue sky poking inbetween? Similarly, when I say "is blue", you could well imagine a shade of blue in your mind, but that is not the same shade as the shade I can see. Are we talking light blue, dark blue, - what particular shade of blue are we dealing with?</p>
<p>Now this may all seem pedantic, but in everyday life, a simple statement like "the sky is blue" will be met with a nod of recognition, and people will feel that they understand the topic in question and will move on to the next topic - yet when we stop to think about it, very little information has been conveyed. Instead, the receiver has unknowingly imagined, albeit in a small way, what exactly the speaker is trying to say.</p>
<p>So what I'm driving at is the uncomfortable feeling I have that there is almost something wrong with the fabric of reality, in that human beings are not meant to know the truth, or express it; either we express outright lies about things, if we want to deceive people, or, if we genuinely don't want to deceive people and try to be honest, what we claim to be the truth is really only an approximation - half-truths and incomplete statements about things.</p>
<p>It's as though the human condition is based in some strange fog, where we think we can know the truth, but we ultimately can't because objective truth is something very hard to convey.</p>
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<item>
<title><![CDATA[Vrăciţele ... ( 1 )]]></title>
<link>http://sfinx667.wordpress.com/?p=2981</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 06 Oct 2008 02:51:48 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>sfinx667</dc:creator>
<guid>http://sfinx667.pt-br.wordpress.com/2008/10/06/vracitele-1/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[
Vrăciţele &#8230; ( 1 )
- ficţiune -
Nu există decât un singur Bine, acela de a făptui după ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1 style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://sfinx667.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/2511191203_bcbcddbf4c.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-2984" title="2511191203_bcbcddbf4c" src="http://sfinx667.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/2511191203_bcbcddbf4c.jpg" alt="" width="339" height="500" /></a></h1>
<h1 style="text-align:center;"><strong>Vrăciţele ... ( 1 )</strong></h1>
<h2 style="text-align:center;">- ficţiune -</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;"><span class="t">Nu există decât un singur Bine, acela de a făptui după cum îţi dictează conştiinţa.  ( Simone de Beauvoir )</span></h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;"><span class="t">Adevărul este o doamnă sfioasă, mult prea binecrescută pentru a te pocni în cap şi a te trage în peştera ei. Ea este acolo, dar oamenii trebuie să o dorească şi să o caute.  ( William F Buckley jr )</span></h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;"><span class="t">Tribunalul acesta pe care omul îl simte în el este conştiinţa.  ( Immanuel Kant )</span></h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;"><span class="t">Conştiinţa este îngerul lui Dumnezeu care îl păzeşte pe om.  ( Paisie Olaru )</span></h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;"><span class="t">Conştiinţa este ochiul lui Dumnezeu în sufletele noastre.  ( Sfântul Cadoc )</span></h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;"><span class="t">Conştiinţa este rădăcina curajului adevărat; dacă un om este curajos, el îşi ascultă conştiinţa.  ( James Freeman Clarke )</span></h2>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://sfinx667.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/kryl19.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-2987" title="kryl19" src="http://sfinx667.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/kryl19.jpg" alt="" /></a></p>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">Se găsiră nişte ţaţe, devenite ” vedete ”  peste noapte în Împărăţia unui Vodă, să-şi facă ele de cap, uite-aşa, ca să arate cât sunt de ” dibace ”, în a face şi desface, sfidându-l pe Vodă, că deh , astea când au ceva de rumegat, uită chiar şi ţâţa ce le-a înscăunat. Vrăjitoarele cu pricina, se fălesc prin toată-mpărăţia, cu relaţiile ce le au cică, prin buricul Regatului Marelui Zeus  şi, se burzuluiesc una la alta, numai prin dos, pe faţă juri că-s surori de Cruce, evident o Cruce mai ...altfel, au suflete cenuşii precum aura plumburie,  ce le e Spectru .</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">Cea mai meşteră din toate, Vrăjitoarea NanaAnna, uzează de farmecele-i chipului de păpuşică ,  şi e preocupată de cam multişor numai de  ogrăzile , fermele şi firmele lui Lucifer, de unde se întoarce zilnic, ca o volvură turbată, murmurând cifre, cifre, cifre ... ceva nu-i iese, e nemulţumită, mereu chitită pe slugi, slujitori, orânduieli, muritori şi orice-i iese-n cale . Geaba tot strânge , visteria e secătuită de dările ce e musai să le deverse, ca să-şi păstreze poziţia în Topul Vrajitoarelor, să rămână Unica Volvură , să-şi aducă Zmăul scăpătat pe mirişti înapoi în Lăcaşul Ceţurilor Veşnice şi, se zvoneşte prin Regatul Marelui Zeus, că-l cam scoate din minţi pe Vodă, care deocamdată pare încremenit.  Sora Volvurei Turbate, e Vrăjitoarea Didyna, , aparenta Mână Dreaptă, expertă în transmisiuni , care face ghem orice zvon ori ştire, apoi îl desşiră prin ungherele Palatului Împărăţiei, reuşind cu presupusa-i dexteritate în a fi loială la mai multe căpetenii, să se menţină şi ea la suprafaţa afacerilor de ” familie ” . Cea de-a treia , Izma Lulonna, are de când Facerea unica ambiţie s-o Izgonească din Împărăţie pe Volvura cu chip de păpuşică, dar, Dregătoria-i cere ascultare şi linişte pe holuri şi-n unghere. Izma Lulonna, ranchiunoasă de felul ei, ţine-n căuşul gheruţelor, una replică scuipată cu năduf de ţaţă de Volvura Turbată care, i-ar fi zis ” frustrată ”, undeva cu ani în urmă ... Vrăjitoarea Didyna, evocându-i episodul , a deschis Cutia Blestemelor... miră-te lume cât venin şi jele, foame de ” dreptate ” şi sete de a-şi înfige gheruţele în şuviţele Volvurei - ” vedea-te-aş detronată scorpie pământie, Muma frustrărilor ce-mi eşti, vine ea vremea mea ... ” - dar, la ordinele Cavalerului de Plumb John Bresco, tace, tace şi îşi ţese planurile-n taina Umbrei , cei drept, Umbra a rămas cu ea şi o înţelege .</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">Numai una din mulţime de vrăjitoare, ţaţă şi ea biata în ” sărăcia ” materiei `mneaei plumburii, a ieşit din afaceri, de voie de nevoie , mieunând şi scheunând, până când s-au îndurat nişte Spirite şi i-au oferit, cum altfel decât pe tăviţă, un iatac, să fie şi asta unsă cu temenele pe zulufi-i dezmierdaţi de mirări şi uimiri ... Ale naibii afurisitele mai învolvurate de ambiţii, au scos-o la mezat, după ce s-au săturat de râs pe seama ei pe la colţurile Împărăţiei, se vede treaba însă, că a picat în picioroangele-i de pomină, căci, nici că-i pasă, îşi vede de noul iatac şi le ignoră în naivitatea ei pe mai celebrele întunecate.</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">Într-una din zilele-i mohorâte ale sufletulu-i cutremurat de tăcerea suspectă a lui Vodă, Cavalerul de Plumb John Bresco, Maestru al vrăjitoriilor cu iz de balegă şi fum înecăcios, se trezi cu faţa-n ziare ... şi citeşte.şi citeşte ...” hopa ... ia te uită, ce zvon  .... de unde mama dracu au apărut Vrăciţele ce descântă ce noi cu atâta amar şi durere de şele incatăm .... ei comedie şi tragedie, convoc Adunarea Vrăjitoarelor, astea-s inconştiente, mă expun pe mineeee .... ” , deja un car de spume şi pomeniri, Cavalerul de Plumb John Bresco se porni pe telefoane. Noroc cu distonocalmul şi nitroglicerina, nelipsită din pozonarul de la pieptu-i ţanţăş ....</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">_ Fă, NanaAnna, în jumate de oră sunt la tine ! Anunţă-ţi surorile, sunt mişcat până-n rărunchi ... pregăteşte-mi rapoartele cu ” datorii ”, listele cu efectivele disponibile de atac, şi o mică explicaţie ... , zdrang, bufni John Bresco cu receptorul de-l crăpă pe veci.</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">Pasul doi, şi-a închis mobilul , nu cumva să-l caute Vodă, taman acum, sau, mai grav de atât, să-i vină Volvurei Turbate vre-o idee ...</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">Interzisă de ieşirile plictisitoare ale Cavalerului de Plumb, Volvura se ridică afectată din canapeaua unde numai ce-şi aştepta masajul de prânz, a naibii spondiloză o sâcâia mai rău decăt zmintitele cifre ce-i dădeau de furcă de la o vreme, şi, urlă încruntată prin crăpătura uşii capitonate nu întâmplător :</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">- Fă, Jano, vezi că vine John pe la mine, adă apă plată şi ai dă grijă, nu-s aci păntru nima-n lume, să nu aud şoapta paşilor tăi, fă !</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">- Da, Doamnă, spuse cu vocea-i stinsă Jana, continuându-şi lecţiile la telefon, serviciu-i serviciu ” alo da, nu Doamna nu e aci, îi pă teren, spune-ţi, notez ... ” ...</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">În nici două minute, o vrăbiuţă binevoitoare, anunţă pe Vrăjitoarea Didyna, ce şi cum .... Puţin emotivă din fire, Didyna sună la Padre care, îşi linişteşte odorul:</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">- Nu-ţi zâsăi să nu te pierzi, Didyno, stai calmă, să vedem care-i manevra întâi, apoi vorbim . Hai, ia un calciu şi respiră adânc.</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">Didyna murmură suduieli în surdină, ia un calciu, clipeşte des din gene, apoi sună la Doamna :</h2>
<h2>- Ce vrei fă ?</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">- Aţi auzit zvonul, Doamnă ? N-o fi gheara netrebnicei de Lulonna, ce ne facem ?</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">- Didyno, iar îţi dai cu presupusa-n zări, gura mică ! Nu mişti până la noi ordine, taci şi-aştepţi, nici o vrajă că te spulbăr cu Cetate cu tot, clar ?</h2>
<h2>-Da, Doamnă !</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">Didyna trînti şi ea receptorul şi-o chemă strâmbându-se-n farfurioara cu covrigei pe fata de casă, Leny :</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">- Bă, ce mă seaca scorpia, că are şi Lulonna dreptate, e nesuferită ca buba neagră-n tratatele de pace ... auzi, fă-mi un ceai şi şezi aci cu mine să-i punem de-o bârfă, da mai plimbă-te şi tu prin Zona Interzisă, vine John la NanaAnna, ceva e najpa, vezi ce afli, Leny ...</h2>
<h2>- Da şefa !</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">Între timp, se aud scrâşnete de cauciucuri zdruncinate în imediata apropiere a Cetăţii ... Cele două sar ca arse la fereastră:</h2>
<h2>- El e ! , spuseră în cor ...</h2>
<h2>-Hai, valea, du hărtiile astea în Zonă, fă ceva toanto, nu sta ...</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">John Bresco, intră în clădirea cu aură întunecată, fără să se obosească s-o mai salute pe Jana ...</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">- Ai ajuns, John, se ridică Volvura turbată să-l întâmpine pe Cavalerul de Plumb ...</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">- Apă Nano, şi adă sticla aia ! Închide uşa ! Rapoartele, listele ... ai citit ziarele ? Unde te crezi Nano ? Bă tu mă bagi în spital, urlă John .</h2>
<h2>- Ce urli, care sticlă, aia ?</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">- Da, bă aia, cognacul meu, ce naiba ... auzi, Vodă nu cred că ştie tot, nu încă, şezi şi hai să vedem cu ce ne înfăţişăm, parcă văd că acuşi sună ! Ai explicaţie ? Ce-ai păzit de-au înviat  Vrăciţele alea, cum de au putere să mai descânte, ce faci mă ? Altceva decât cifre şi pe Zmăul ală al tău mai pomeneşti între două murmure, bă ?</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">- John, calmează-te, am telefonat deja la Regat ! Nu e chiar aşa nasol .... bien ? În fine, le vin eu de hac, demarez ceva, dar va trebui să mai dau ceva telefoane şi să fac un drum lung .... zise Volvura preocupată, masându-şi încheieturile vineţii, pe chip schimonosindu-i-se un rictus ce-i trăda ura ...</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">” Tâmpiţi mai sunt bărbaţii ... John a devenit plictisitor, dar nah, am nevoie de el... până într-o zi ... ”</h2>
<h2>- Pe firfirica aia de Didyna, ai contactat-o, bă ?</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">- John, eu ? Pe aia ? Aia să-şi facă treaba, şi să-şi ţină gura, altfel ...</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">- NanaAnno ! Lasă răzbunările, acu tre să ne unim puterile şi să-l vrăjim pe Vodă mai abitir ca niciodată, vorba ta, altfel ...</h2>
<h2>- Altfel ce, John ?</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">- Altfel picăm toţi, nu pricepi ? De data asta e un zvon ce-a ţâşnit dincolo de graniţele Împărăţiei, e nasoală !</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">-Ha ! Crezi, John , aşa crezi ? Da io cine mi-s mă ? Nima ? Le vin io de hac la neica nima alea ! Valurile trec, se liniştesc apele şi ai să vezi ....</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">- Mai pune un pahar, bun cognac, bun ... pune sticla la loc, ajunge ... adă lista aia , Nano, spuse John pe-un ton ceva mai moale.</h2>
<h2>- Lista ...</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">- Aia, ştii tu, să vedem pe cine ne putem bizui. Ia zi, au ceva ingrediente la îndemână Vrăciţele ? Gândeşte Nano, nu te grăbi, ce au  .... ne pot descânta cu ceva ?</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">- Au pe dracu ! Nu ştiu cu cine se pun, John, io-s NanaAnna ! Tu ce vrei de fapt ?</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">- Să mă asigur că ăi mici ai mei sunt în siguranţă, să tacă, să plece, să se termine tot ... asigură-te că nu vine nimeni de la Regat aci, asta ne mai lipseşte, să scormonească prin ungherele noastre .... Taci acum, gândesc, de măine om mai vedea . Dacă ne sună Vodă, taci, pui capul jos şi taci, atât !</h2>
<h2>- Bine, John !</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">Orele treceau ... încet, încet se întuneca. Într-un târziu, John a plecat, un junghi îi sâcâia pieptul, obosise şi de la AnnaNana tot n-a scos ce-ar fi dorit! Volvura îşi aduse aminte de Jana :</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">- Jano, pleacă şi tu, încui eu aci, vine Zmăul după mine, hai, mergi !</h2>
<h2>_ Bine, Doamnă !</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">Cuminte, Jana a strâns maldărele de hărtii, a ieşit aproape pe furiş, nu voia s-o tulbure pe Doamnă ...</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">În urma ei, AnnaNana zâmbi ” adunătură de tâmpiţi ... se sperie ca proştii de nişte Vrăciţe ... ” , se uită pe fereastră, Zmăul ei întârzia, gândurile-i se răzvrăteau de-acum , întorcându-se la ... cifre ....</h2>
<h2>Îşi aduse aminte de palida aia de Didyna şi-i formă numărul :</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">- Didyno, te porţi ca şi când nimic nu s-a întâmplat, să nu măcăni ! John nu vrea valuri, nici tu nu vrei să-ţi ia Cetatea, da ? Şi nu mă suna, te sun eu, dacă e nevoie...</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">- Bine , Doamnă, aşa fac ! Să nu uit, Lulonna a sunat acum o oră ...</h2>
<h2>- Aia ce dracu mai vrea ? N-ai intrat cu ea în detalii Didyno ?</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">- Nu, Doamnă, voia să ştie dacă am citit ziarele, atât, altceva n-a zis, nu i-am zis că domnul John Bresco e la dumneavoastră.</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">- Îhîm ... dacă ai citit ziarele, frustrata, cum nu ştie să-şi ţină gura iar scoate ce nu trebuie pe piaţă, de ce-o tolerează John, nu ştiu, în fine, nu-mi bat capul şi cu aia. Mâine , la mine, aduci informaţiile, ai înţeles ?</h2>
<h2>- Da, Doamnă !</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">Didyna închise ochii, ce informaţii voia volvura ? Cum s-o întrebe la ce nervi avea ... Ei, mâine, acum era deja târziu. Şi uitase să-l sune pe Padre ... Leny se rătăcise la bărfe pe undeva, ori cu capul prin oale .. şi asta o cotea de la un timp, oricum nu prea îi mai era de folos ...</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">Coborî scările întunecate, jucându-se cu cheile de la maşină ... Ajunsă în faţa Cetăţii, aproape că se tamponă cu Volvura Turbată, tresării convulsiv ... Aceasta însă, se urcă în maşina Zmăului său şi nu catadicsi să-i arunce nici măcar o privire, dar s-o mai şi salute . Nimic anormal .</h2>
<h2>Ce zi ...</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">Undeva, într-un colţişor al Împărăţiei, Vodă zâmbea ... Într-un alt colţişor al Împărăţiei, Vrăciţele îşi primeneau descântecele .... ceva se va întâmpla curând, foarte curând ... Una din Vrăciţe surâse unui gând tandru ” Vodă ştie ce face, mereu ştie .. ”</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:center;">Sibilla Poesis</h2>
<p>citate preluate de pe <a href="http://www.citapedia.ro" target="_self">www.citapedia.ro</a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Allah SWT dan Sajak  ]]></title>
<link>http://gentole.wordpress.com/?p=362</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 04 Oct 2008 13:56:45 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>gentole</dc:creator>
<guid>http://gentole.pt-br.wordpress.com/2008/10/04/allah-swt-dan-sajak/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Kata pakar semiotika Umberto Eco, hanya para penyair yang bisa bicara soal Allah, dan segala hal yan]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:justify;">Kata pakar semiotika <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco">Umberto Eco</a>, hanya para penyair yang bisa bicara soal Allah, dan segala hal yang terkait metafisika; yakni pertanyaan tentang hakikat ‘ada’ (<em>ultimate reality/being</em>). Metafisika itu bukan perkara mudah, dan bukan pula perkara yang ribet. Pertanyaan metafisis adalah pertanyaan yang <em>maha pentin</em>g, tetapi bisa jadi pertanyaan yang <em>maha sepele</em>. Loh? Ah, seperti kata Eco, hanya penyair yang bisa bicara soal ini. [<em>note: kalo malas membaca, bisa langsung skip ke bagian <strong>teologi negatif dan nalar puitis</strong></em>]</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Allah Sebagai ‘Ada’ Azali</strong><br />
Anda tahu apa yang dimaksud dengan ‘ada’? Oh, bukan, saya tidak ingin berbicara soal uang kertas di kantong Anda setelah Hari Raya Konsumtifisme kemarin, tetapi hakikat ‘ada’ yang paling azali. Apakah itu? Well, kata filsuf Abad Pertengahan, ‘Ada’ yang paling azali adalah Allah SWT. Para pemikir Islam dulu yakin bahwa ‘Ada’-Nya Allah yang diseru pada malam takbiran itu adalah ‘Ada’ azali yang merupakan syarat utama ‘ada’-nya dunia kehidupan ini. Maksudnya, tanpa Ada-Nya Allah ini, tidak akan ada itu Blitz Megaplex, Barack Obama, Maria Ozawa atau Dian Sastrowardoyo yang cantik dan jago filsafat itu. Adanya kita [<em>maksud saya semua manusia yang pernah ada di bumi ini</em>] dan dunia ini [<em>maksud saya keseluruhan alam semesta yang bisa dipandang dan dipikirkan alam pikiran kita maupun yang tidak</em>] itu kontingen, dalam artian merupakan akibat dari ‘Ada’-nya Allah sebagai <em>Necessary Existent</em> [ada yang harus ada]. Ingat, ini ‘Ada’ yang bukan hanya paling awal, tetapi ‘Ada’ yang juga paling ultim; ‘ada’ yang melingkupi semua, termasuk memori cinta pertama Anda yang kandas di tangan anak ABG urakan yang nekat bermain cinta sebelum mengenal kondom! Ah, hidup ini. Absurd. Absurd.</p>
[caption id="attachment_363" align="aligncenter" width="215" caption="Ini Ibnu Sina, agak kurus. Saya dengar dia aslinya gemuk dan pemabuk. Beliau salah satu metafisikus Islam. "]<a href="http://gentole.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/avicenna_persian_physician.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-363" title="avicenna_persian_physician" src="http://gentole.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/avicenna_persian_physician.jpg" alt="" width="215" height="307" /></a>[/caption]
<p style="text-align:justify;">Tetapi, itu katanya para filsuf yang hidup pada zaman ketika masih banyak orang di dunia yang mungkin masih percaya bahwa bumi ini adalah sebuah hamparan yang melayang di udara dengan air terjun raksasa di ujung dunia, atau matahari adalah hamba sahayanya bumi, yang sudah kadung dinobatkan Kitab Suci sebagai “Pusat Alam Semesta”.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Allah itu ‘Ada’ atau ‘Diada-adakan’ <em>Sih</em>?</strong><br />
Apa yang dipikirkan pemikir Abad Tengah itu hanyalah sebuah abstraksi saja. Tidak ada satupun di antara mereka yang pernah melihat Allah. Gagasan Allah sebagai kenyataan terakhir adalah hasil dari sebuah proses berpikir <em>a priori</em>, atau cara berpikir yang memadukan berbagai gagasan yang diandaikan.  Kita bisa bertanya, misalnya, tahu dari mana mereka bahwa ‘Kenyataan’ atau ‘Ada’ itu hanya satu (monistik)? Bagaimana kalau ‘Ada’ itu ada dua macam (dualistik), atau lebih (seperti diyakini <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz">Leibniz</a>)? Kalau dipikir-pikir, batasnya memang tipis sekali antara berpikir secara <em>a priori </em>dengan mengada-ada. Karena itu, wajar saja apabila pandangan metafisika para filsuf mulai dari Plotinus, Alfarabi sampai George Berkeley dan Spinoza itu disebut metafisika spekulatif. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> tidak suka dengan metafisika <em>tebak-tebakan </em>semacam itu; Maklum, Kant hidup pada masa Pencerahan ketika pendulum peradaban mulai beralih ke Eropa dan semua orang di sana begitu bersemangat dengan yang namanya sains, yakni ilmu pengetahuan berbasis exsperimentasi alam. Karena itu ia memformulasikan metafisikanya sendiri. Katanya sih, Kant berupaya untuk mendamaikan rasionalisme dan empirisisme.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Kata Kant, hanya pengetahuan yang berbasis pengalaman indrawi (<em>a posteriori</em>) saja yang bisa diafirmasi sebagai betul/nyata [obyek pengetahuan ini disebut fenomena oleh Kant]. Pengetahuan ini memang bergantung pada gagasan-gagasan <em>a priori</em> yang universal seperti konsep ruang, waktu, kausalitas, substansi dan relasi [semuanya disebut nomena oleh Kant]. Meski begitu, menurut Kant, ‘benda pada dirinya sendiri’ (<em>the thing-in-itself</em>) hadir bukan karena disingkap oleh yang nomena, tetapi ia mengada secara mandiri [CMIIW, anybody]. Dalam pandangan metafisika semacam ini, di mana hanya yang bisa dialami secara empiris yang bisa diketahui, maka Allah tidak bisa dipastikan ‘Ada’, apalagi dinyatakan sebagai ‘Ada yang Ultim’. <em>Kata Kant, Allah termasuk dalam wilayah nomena. Allah dimengerti sebagai syarat moralitas saja  Allah 'ada' karena kebaikan universal mewajibkannya 'ada'</em>. Mbah Kant ini jadinya agnostik, karena ia berpandangan bahwa Allah tidak bisa diketahui oleh akal budi yang pada kenyataannya memiliki batas-batasnya sendiri apabila ditempatkan dalam kerangka epistemologi berbasis ‘pengalaman’.  Tapi ini <em>debatable</em> sih, soal agnostisisme Kant ini.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Duh, bener tidak yah Kant berpikir begitu?  <span style="text-decoration:line-through;">Gak yakin. :mrgreen:</span> Ah, yang jelas, setelah Kant mengemukakan pandangannya, ilmu pengetahuan semakin berkembang pesat di Eropa. <em>Kalih</em>, para ilmuwan Eropa berpikir: <em>‘Untuk apa memikirkan entitas nomenal yang tidak bisa diketahui betul-betul dan tidak ada kaitannya dengan benda-benda yang bisa dialami dan dipelajari secara demonstratif? Lebih baik kita pelajari fenomena alam dan kita akan memperoleh buah pengetahuan yang pasti dan bermanfaat!’</em> Sains pun terus berkembang dan semakin arogan, sementara para filsuf tidak puas dengan formulasi kompromis Mbah Kant; tidak lama berselang, berkembanglah berbagai teori metafisika baru, misalnya empirisisme radikal, pragmatisme, instrumentalisme, voluntarisme, fenomenalisme, organisme etc. Para filsuf sepertinya susah bersepakat soal metafisika. Karena itu, filsuf analitik pada abad ke-20 bilang, ‘Sudahlah, tidak usah bicara metafisika lagi, karena omong kosong itu semuanya!’ Kata mereka, sebuah gagasan hanya bisa dianggap bermakna atau berisi alias bukan omong kosong apabila gagasan itu bisa diuji melalui metode observasi dan verikasi. <em>Nah, karena metafisika dilabrak habis sekalian, termasuk semua entitas yang berisfat nomenal, maka gagasan tentang Allah pun kena getahnya. Well, sebenarnya Allah sudah dihapus secara semena-mena dari kosakata peradaban Barat. Tragis.</em></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Allah itu Omong Kosong?</strong><br />
Begini, para filsuf dari kalangan ilmuwan paska-Kant mengatakan bahwa semua ribut-ribut soal metafisika ini sebenarnya hanya perkara bahasa saja. Filsuf dan fisikawan <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</a>, misalnya, berpendapat bahwa kita tidak bisa berpikir tanpa penanda (<em>sign</em>) atau kata. Untuk bisa memikirkan kalimat ‘<em>Di luar hujan deras</em>’, kita harus mempunyai konsep/kata ‘hujan’ dulu, bukan? Untuk menggambarkan ‘hujan’, setidaknya kita harus mempunyai konsep ‘basah’ [bukan kering], ‘air’ [bukan tanah], ‘cairan tembus pandang’ [bukan cairan pekat], ‘jatuh’ [bukan naik], ‘langit’ [bukan bumi] dan ‘awan’ [bukan kilat]. Persepsi Anda tentang ‘<em>Di luar hujan deras</em>’, kata Peirce, pastilah ditentukan oleh berbagai pengalaman serta proses kognisi yang terjadi sebelumnya. Dengan demikian, tidak ada intuisi atau hipotesa tanpa adanya pengalaman mental maupun material yang mendahuluinya.  Semuanya itu empiris! Karena itu, sanggahnya, kita sebenarnya tidak mempunyai konsep mengenai ‘yang tak terpikirkan’ (<em>incognizable/unknowable</em>). Apabila Allah adalah ‘yang tak terpikirkan’, bagaimana bisa kita mengatakan bahwa Allah 'yang tak terpikirkan’ itu ada?</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Teologi Negatif dan Nalar Puitis</strong></p>
[caption id="attachment_364" align="alignleft" width="122" caption="Umberto Eco"]<a href="http://gentole.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/514px-umberto_eco_01.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-364" title="514px-umberto_eco_01" src="http://gentole.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/514px-umberto_eco_01.jpg" alt="Umberto Eco" width="122" height="139" /></a>[/caption]
<p style="text-align:justify;">Nah, kata Eco, penyair adalah orang orang yang bisa menerabas logika dalam berbahasa. Memang, apa yang mereka katakan tidak lepas dari pengalaman dan proses kognisi yang sudah diketahui sebelumnya, seperti yang dikatakan Peirce. Namun demikian, mereka tidak terikat oleh kaidah bahasa yang memberi batasan atau resistensi terhadap konstruksi mental kita atas alam [<em>seperti misalnya kita tidak bisa mengatakan sapi itu bisa terbang, bukan hanya karena sapi tidak bisa terbang, tetapi juga karena secara linguistik adalah burung yang bisa terbang, bukan sapi.  Kalau ada sapi bisa terbang, bisa jadi dia disebut burung, bukan sapi! Pikiran kita memang suka maksa, dalam artian kita sering meminta alam untuk menjadi yang-bukan-dirinya.</em>]</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Nah, penyair punya senjata rahasia untuk menghadapi batas-batas itu; mereka punya metafora [y<em>ang selalu berbicara tentang ‘yang lain’</em>] dan oksimoron [<em>yang selalu bicara dalam paradoks</em>]. Dengan metafora mereka menyediakan untuk kita sebuah ladang penafsiran yang sangat luas [Eco menyebutnya <em>surplus of interpretation</em>]. Ketika para penyair berbicara tentang <em>matahari terbit</em>, mereka mungkin sedang berbicara tentang revolusi atau munculnya seorang pemikir besar, bukan soal rotasi bumi dan sistem tata surya. Ketika mereka berbicara tentang <em>kobaran api yang membekukan pikiran</em>, mereka mungkin tidak sedang berbicara tentang api, tetapi cinta! Bagi Peirce dan para filsuf analitik, sajak-sajak [termasuk sajak dalam Kitab Suci] adalah omong kosong, tetapi bagi mereka yang memiliki nalar puitis, sajak-sajak adalah teks yang membuka sebuah cakrawala penafsiran yang maha luas, jauh melampaui batas-batas fonetik dan semantik sebuah kata. Sajak, dalam pandangan saya, ibarat sebuah gala yang membantu kita menjamah buah pengetahuan dari ‘yang-tak-terpikirkan’ itu. <strong><em>Ketika logika positivisme dan empirisisme meremeh-temehkan semua gagasan metafisis [eksistensi kita dan juga Allah], yang puitis dengan anggunnya mengabaikan logika dan pengalaman empiris. </em></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Karena itu, adalah para penyair yang paling mahir menyingkap Allah dalam <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_theology">teologi negatif</a>; Allah itu bukan seperti yang Anda pikirkan; Allah adalah sesuatu yang lain; bukan waktu, bukan bentuk, bukan bayangan, bukan cahaya, bukan kejahatan, bukan kebenaran, bukan substansi, bukan kekekalan, bukan kefanaan. Setiap definisi membatasi Allah, karena itu Allah hanya bisa dibicarakan dalam bentuk metafora atau oksimoron; Dialah Yang Awal dan Yang Akhir, Cahaya dan Kegelapan, Maha Pengasih dan Maha Murka, dll. Upaya mengenali Allah bukanlah sebuah peristiwa yang terjadi sekali saja, seperti misalnya ketika Anda bertemu pacar Anda, melainkan sebuah proses pemaknaan yang berlangsung terus menerus pada saat Anda mengalami yang puitis, apakah itu ayat al-Qur’an, puisinya Rumi atau esainya Goenawan Mohamad. Tentu, ini bukan berarti kita sudah menemukan hakikat Allah atau hakikat ‘ada’; <em>hanya saja, para filsuf menurut saya sudah menyerah pada batas nalar dan resistensi bahasa dan empirisisme ketika berbicara tentang Allah; para penyair juga tidak atau belum memenangkan pertandingan, tetapi mereka belum dikalahkan! </em>Kita karenanya harus bisa menangkap penyingkapan makna dalam sajak dengan hati yang penuh semangat. Karena, sisanya, kata Eco, adalah konjektur belaka.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><em>NB: Sepertinya saya tidak tahu betul apa yang sedang saya bicarakan. Tetapi kira-kira itulah yang ada di kepala saya saat ini. Anda pasti melihat adanya inkonsistensi atau pergerseran pemikiran saya bila melihat entri saya sebelumnya. Atau, sebaliknya, Anda mungkin menganggap saya  terus mengatakan hal yang sama dalam bahasa yang berbeda. Entahlah, saya belum mau berhenti berjalan. Perjalanan masih panjang. </em></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Samfundsfilosofi  fra : http://nigelwarburton.typepad.com/philosophy_bites/]]></title>
<link>http://samfundsfilosofi.wordpress.com/?p=3</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 03 Oct 2008 08:00:46 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>hannofl</dc:creator>
<guid>http://samfundsfilosofi.pt-br.wordpress.com/2008/10/03/3/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Samfundsfilosofi  fra : http://nigelwarburton.typepad.com/philosophy_bites/
Philosophy bites har nog]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:left;">Samfundsfilosofi  fra : <a href="http://nigelwarburton.typepad.com/philosophy_bites/">http://nigelwarburton.typepad.com/philosophy_bites/</a></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Philosophy bites har nogle mp3 files, hvori kloge folk fortæller om nogle af de tænkere vi har i samfundsfilosofi. Lytter man på dem, bliver læsningen lidt mindre tør ?! For at spare en mp3 -&#62; højerklik på filen og "gem som ...  "</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">Thomas Aquinas </p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img class="alignnone" src="http://www.sciencemusings.com/uploaded_images/Aquinas-720293.jpg" alt="" width="315" height="480" /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><span><a href="http://media.libsyn.com/media/philosophybites/KennyAquinas.mp3">KennyAquinas.mp3</a><br />
</span></p>
<p style="text-align:center;">Thomas Hobbes</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img class="alignnone" src="http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/image/hobbes.jpg" alt="" width="366" height="400" /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><span><a href="http://media.libsyn.com/media/philosophybites/SkinnerMixSes.mp3">SkinnerMixSes.mp3</a><br />
</span></p>
<p style="text-align:center;">John Locke</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img class="alignnone" src="http://robwroblewski.org/images/John_Locke.jpg" alt="" width="337" height="450" /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://media.libsyn.com/media/philosophybites/John_Dunn_on_Locke_on_Toleration.mp3">John_Dunn_on_Locke_on_Toleration.mp3</a></p>
<p style="text-align:center;">David Hume</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img class="alignnone" src="http://faculty.uml.edu/enelson/images/hume.jpg" alt="" width="287" height="367" /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://media.libsyn.com/media/philosophybites/Peter_Millican_on_Humes_Significance.mp3">Peter_Millican_on_Humes_Significance.mp3</a></p>
<p style="text-align:center;">Jean Jacques Rousseau</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img class="alignnone" src="http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/image/Rousseau.gif" alt="" width="324" height="400" /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://media.libsyn.com/media/philosophybites/Melissa_Lane_on_Rousseau_on_Civilization.mp3">Melissa_Lane_on_Rousseau_on_Civilization.mp3</a></p>
<p style="text-align:center;">Edmund Burke</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img class="alignnone" src="http://goldenstate.files.wordpress.com/2008/05/rudd-edmund-burke.jpg" alt="" width="357" height="542" /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://media.libsyn.com/media/philosophybites/BurkeMixSess.mp3">BurkeMixSess.mp3</a></p>
<p style="text-align:center;">Immanuel Kant</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img class="alignnone" src="http://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/k/pics/kant.jpg" alt="" width="264" height="356" /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://media.libsyn.com/media/philosophybites/Adrian_Moore_on_Kants_Metaphysics.mp3">Adrian_Moore_on_Kants_Metaphysics.mp3</a></p>
<p style="text-align:center;">John Stuart Mill</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img class="alignnone" src="http://www.utilitarian.net/jsmill.jpg" alt="" width="285" height="350" /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://media.libsyn.com/media/philosophybites/Reevesmix1.mp3">Reevesmix1.mp3</a></p>
<p style="text-align:center;">Karl Marx</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img class="alignnone" src="http://images.art.com/images/products/regular/12037000/12037571.jpg" alt="" width="344" height="450" /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://media.libsyn.com/media/philosophybites/Johnathan_Wolff_on_Marx_on_Alienation_1.mp3">Johnathan_Wolff_on_Marx_on_Alienation_1.mp3</a></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"> </p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>I do not own any of the mp3´s on this blog. All can freely be accessed via : http://nigelwarburton.typepad.com/philosophy_bites/ </strong></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Ongelmakatalogi, eli miksi nuoret voivat pahoin]]></title>
<link>http://yopop.wordpress.com/?p=240</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 30 Sep 2008 18:56:57 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>yopop</dc:creator>
<guid>http://yopop.pt-br.wordpress.com/2008/09/30/ongelmakatalogi-eli-miksi-nuoret-voivat-pahoin/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Viikko sitten kansainväliset viestimet saivat jälleen kirjoitettavaa Suomen nuorison pahoinvoinnis]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Viikko sitten kansainväliset viestimet saivat jälleen kirjoitettavaa Suomen nuorison pahoinvoinnista ja maamme väkivaltaisuudesta, synkkyydestä, itsemurhatilastoista, suorituskeskeisyydestä, kovuudesta, tuppisuuna pönöttämisestä ja muusta erityisen pitkälle vedetystä. Myös Suomen - etenkin keltainen - lehdistö osasi jälleen, ja tähän mennessä olemme saaneet jo lukea monenlaisista (oletetuista!) tekijöistä esimerkiksi koulusurmien taustalla. </p>
<p>Etenkin nuorten miesten koetaan voivan todella huonosti, ja niinhän se taitaa tilastojenkin mukaan mennä. Miksi nuoret suomalaismiehet sitten voivat niin pahoin? Missä mättää? Mitä pitäisi tehdä? Kenen johtopäätökset ovat oikeita, ketä tulee kuunnella? Kuka on syyllinen ja kenen on vastuu? Voimmeko ehkäistä väkivaltaa? Mitä tulisi priorisoida, kun kaikkialla tuntuu olevan resurssipula?</p>
<p><strong>MIKSI NÄITÄ ASIOITA TAPAHTUU?</strong></p>
<p>Tähän kysymykseen laadin tämän viikon aikana muodollisesti pätevän vastauslistan. Käytin blogini teeman mukaisesti hyödykseni populaarikulttuuria - tällä erää etenkin tämän vuoden kirjasyksyyn painottuen. Lista on koottu tarkoituksellisen osoittelevasti ja kärjistävästi. Kirjat tarjoavat niin ymmärryksen mahdollisuutta, raakaa tutkimustuloskattausta, konkreettisia ratkaisuja kuin myös syvempää pohdiskelua monista eri asioista. Romaanit ovat listalla, koska niiden avulla omia tunteitaan on suhteellisen hyvä purkaa, jos sellaiseen kykenee. Sanoudun irti kaikista kirjojen syyttämisestä, ja jos joku minun niin luulee tekevän, on ohittanut pointin kirkkaammin kuin [syötä tähän ontuva vertaus].</p>
<p>Linkit vievät kustantajien laatimiin tarkempiin tietoihin listalta löytyvistä kirjoista.</p>
<p><strong>YHTEISKUNTA?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://acta.uta.fi/teos.phtml?10884"><strong>Oksanen, Atte</strong>: Haavautuva minuus - Väkivallan barokki kontrolliyhteiskunnassa</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.johnnykniga.fi/kniga/index.jsp?viewId=4&#38;Sort=teos&#38;isbn=951-0-28288-X&#38;c=/product&#38;start=30"><strong>Eriksen, Thomas Hylland</strong>: Hetken tyrannia</a><br />
- <a href="http://teos.fi/kirjat.php?select=romaanit&#38;id=5&#38;order=book&#38;start=all"><strong>Krohn, Leena</strong>: Unelmakuolema</a> (romaani)<br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=1532"><strong>Blackburn, Simon</strong>: Platonin Valtio</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=1395"><strong>Wheen, Francis</strong>: Marxin Pääoma</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=928"><strong>Norberg, Johan</strong>: Globaalin kapitalismin puolustus</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.johnnykniga.fi/kniga/index.jsp?viewId=4&#38;Sort=teos&#38;isbn=951-0-28548-X&#38;c=/product&#38;start=30"><strong>Lahdenmäki, Ari</strong> &#38; <strong>Rantala, Riku</strong>: Isänmaan asialla - matkaopas syrjäytettyjen Suomeen</a></p>
<p><strong>HALLITUS?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=1359"><strong>Pernaa, Ville</strong> &#38; <strong>Pitkänen, Ville</strong>: Poliitikot taistelivat, media kertoo - Suomalaisen politiikan mediapelejä 1981-2006</a></p>
<p><strong>HISTORIA?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=1092"><strong>Pernaa, Ville</strong> &#38; <strong>Niemi, Mari K.</strong> (toim.): Entäs jos... Vaihtoehtoinen Suomen historia</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=1356"><strong>Jokisipilä, Markku</strong> &#38; <strong>Niemi, Mari K.</strong> (toim.): Entäs jos... Lisää vaihtoehtoista Suomen historiaa</a></p>
<p><strong>NYKYAIKA?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=3138"><strong>Gadd, Carl-Johan</strong> &#38; <strong>Colting, Fredrik</strong>: Ultramoderni historia</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=1093"><strong>Kotro, Arno</strong> &#38; <strong>Krohn, Minerva</strong>: Suoraa ja koukkua - kirjeitä kaikesta</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=1218"><strong>Wheen, Francis</strong>: Kuinka humpuuki valloitti maailman - Harhaluulojen lyhyt historia</a></p>
<p><strong>SUKUPOLVIEN VÄLINEN KUILU?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=3204"><strong>Colting, Fredrik</strong> &#38; <strong>Gadd, Carl-Johan</strong> &#38; <strong>Davidson, Karin</strong>: Elä, kuolet kumminkin – Mummojen ja pappojen viisauksia</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=3192"><strong>Hildén, Riitta</strong> &#38; <strong>Iivari, Ulpu</strong>: Suuret ikäluokat luokkakuvassa - mitä meistä tuli?</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=1220"><strong>Pajamäki, Osku</strong>: Ahne sukupolvi - Suurten ikäluokkien perintö</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.myllylahti.fi/kirjat/urho.htm"><strong>Uhlgren, Sauli</strong>: Urho</a></p>
<p><strong>KOULU(JÄRJESTELMÄ)?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.myllylahti.fi/kirjat/2020494.htm"><strong>Lampela, Anja</strong>: Älä koske ope</a> (romaani)<br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=1222"><strong>Kontula, Aino</strong>: Rexi on homo ja opettajat hullui! Opettajan päiväkirja</a> (romaani)<br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=1391"><strong>Kontula, Aino</strong>: Ei eläinkokeita - käyttäkää mopoja - Oppilaan päiväkirja</a> (romaani)</p>
<p><strong>LUONNOSTA ERKAANTUMINEN?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.unientulkinta.fi/tietoa/kirjat/puhuu.html"><strong>Moilanen, Olavi</strong>: Elämä puhuu</a></p>
<p><strong>LÄHIÖELÄMÄ?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.wsoy.fi/index.jsp?c=/product&#38;isbn=951-0-29474-8"><strong>Denezhkina, Irina</strong>: Anna mulle!</a> (novellikokoelma)</p>
<p><strong>PAHUUS, JULMUUS?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.like.fi/kirja.php?detail_id=5901"><strong>Fletcher, Susan</strong>: Meriharakat</a> (romaani)<br />
- <a href="http://atenakustannus.fi/index.php?pagecat=3&#38;page=kirja&#38;kirjaluokka_id=0&#38;kirja_id=195"><strong>Kunnas, Tarmo</strong>: Paha - Mitä kirjallisuus ja taide paljastavat pahuuden olemuksesta</a><br />
- <a href="http://atenakustannus.fi/index.php?pagecat=3&#38;page=kirja&#38;kirjaluokka_id=0&#38;kirja_id=217"><strong>Klemettilä, Hannele</strong>: Keskiajan julmuus</a><br />
- <a href="http://avain.net/kaunokirjat.html"><strong>Shriver, Lionel</strong>: Poikani Kevin</a> (romaani). Katso myös aiempi <a href="http://yopop.wordpress.com/2008/07/04/yksi-elamani-kirjoista/">blogipostaukseni</a> tähän kirjaan liittyen.<br />
- <a href="http://www.lokikirjat.fi/hirvimma.html"><strong>Kant, Immanuel</strong> (toim. <strong>Hirvonen, Ari</strong> &#38; <strong>Kotkas, Toomas</strong>): Radikaali paha. Paha eurooppalaisessa perinteessä</a></p>
<p><strong>TYHJYYDEN TUNTEET?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://teos.fi/kirjat.php?id=174"><strong>Pasanen, Kimmo</strong>: Tyhjyys itämaisessa ajattelussa ja taiteessa</a><br />
- <a href="http://atenakustannus.fi/index.php?pagecat=3&#38;page=kirja&#38;kirjaluokka_id=6&#38;kirja_id=105"><strong>Haatanen, Kalle</strong>: Pitkäveteisyyden filosofiaa</a></p>
<p><strong>PINNALLISUUS?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.wsoy.fi/index.jsp?c=%2Fsearch&#38;query=gossip+girl&#38;x=0&#38;y=0"><strong>von Ziegesar, Cecily</strong>: Gossip Girl -sarja</a> (romaani)</p>
<p><strong>YLTÄKYLLÄISYYS?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://atenakustannus.fi/index.php?pagecat=3&#38;page=kirja&#38;kirjaluokka_id=6&#38;kirja_id=132"><strong>Hirvonen, Tatu</strong> &#38; <strong>Mangeloja, Esa</strong>: Miksi kolmas hampurilainen ei tee onnelliseksi?</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=1035"><strong>Gürtler, Detlef</strong>: Kroisokset - Rikkaiden historia faaraoista Bill Gatesiin</a><br />
- <a href="http://atenakustannus.fi/index.php?pagecat=3&#38;page=kirja&#38;kirjaluokka_id=3&#38;kirja_id=121"><strong>Lowe, Steven</strong> &#38; <strong>McArthur, Alan</strong>: Onko minussa jotakin vikaa vai onko kaikki paskaa?</a></p>
<p><strong>SIVISTYMÄTTÖMYYS?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=584"><strong>Schwanitz, Dietrich</strong>: Sivistyksen käsikirja</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=975"><strong>Asserate, Asfa-Wossen</strong>: Sivistynyt käytös</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=1528"><strong>Baggini, Julian</strong>: Possu, joka halusi tulla syödyksi - ja 99 muuta ajatusleikkiä</a><br />
- <a href="http://atenakustannus.fi/index.php?pagecat=3&#38;page=kirja&#38;kirjaluokka_id=2&#38;kirja_id=36"><strong>van Boxsel, Matthijs</strong>: Tyhmyyden ensyklopedia</a></p>
<p><strong>INFORMAATIOÄHKY, TURHAUTTAVAN SUURI TIETOISUUS ITSESTÄ JA YMPÄRÖIVÄSTÄ MAAILMASTA?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=1526"><strong>Ankowitsch, Christian</strong>: Täydellisen tiedon käsikirja</a><br />
- <a href="http://atenakustannus.fi/index.php?pagecat=3&#38;page=kirja&#38;kirjaluokka_id=1&#38;kirja_id=62"><strong>Stein, Hannes</strong>: Vihdoinkin eroon ajattelusta! Käsikirja ylirasittuneille älyköille</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.lokikirjat.fi/ciorkatk.html"><strong>Cioran, E. M.</strong>: Katkeruuden syllogismeja</a> </p>
<p><strong>VAISTOT JA ALITAJUISET TUNTEET?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=1205"><strong>Gladwell, Malcolm</strong>: Välähdys - alitajuisen ajattelemisen voima</a><br />
- <a href="http://atenakustannus.fi/index.php?pagecat=3&#38;page=kirja&#38;kirjaluokka_id=6&#38;kirja_id=109"><strong>Turunen, Kari E.</strong>: Tunne-elämä</a><br />
- <a href="http://atenakustannus.fi/index.php?pagecat=3&#38;page=kirja&#38;kirjaluokka_id=6&#38;kirja_id=113"><strong>Virkki, Tuija</strong>: Vihan voima - Toimijuus ja muutos vihakertomuksissa</a></p>
<p><strong>IHMISYYS?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://atenakustannus.fi/index.php?pagecat=3&#38;page=kirja&#38;kirjaluokka_id=0&#38;kirja_id=197"><strong>Høystad, Ole M.</strong>: Sydämen historiaa</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.wsoy.fi/index.jsp?main=11&#38;isbn=951-0-32220-2&#38;c=/product"><strong>Buzzell, Colby</strong>: Minun sotani. Amerikkalaissotilas Irakissa</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=755"><strong>Regan, Geoffrey</strong>: Päin mäntyä</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.like.fi/kirja.php?detail_id=3855&#38;haku=ihmisyys&#38;haku2=&#38;ryhma2=hak">Clover, Jonathan: Ihmisyys - 1900-luvun moraalihistoria</a></p>
<p><strong>IHMISSUHTEET?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=959"><strong>Kast, Bas</strong>: Rakkauden selitys</a></p>
<p><strong>EPÄVARMUUS, PAIKKANSA HAKEMINEN, ULKOPUOLISUUS, YKSINÄISYYS?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.gummerus.fi/page.asp?sivuID=280&#38;component=/PublishDB/Kirjat_kirjaesittely.asp&#38;recID=4564"><strong>Konstig, Joonas</strong>: Ahneet ja viattomat</a> (romaani)<br />
- <a href="http://www.nemokustannus.fi/fi/kirjat.html?kirja=174"><strong>Harford, Tim</strong>: Elämän logiikka - Järjellinen selitys järjettömälle maailmalle</a><br />
- <a href="http://avain.net/uutuudet.html"><strong>Silfverberg, Anu</strong>: Kung Po</a> (romaani)<br />
- <a href="http://teos.fi/kirjat.php?id=195"><strong>Peura, Maria</strong>: Vedenaliset</a> (romaani)<br />
- <a href="http://www.wsoy.fi/index.jsp?c=/author&#38;id=1086&#38;categoryId=2"><strong>Hornby, Nick</strong>: Poika</a> (romaani)<br />
- <a href="http://www.myllylahti.fi/kirjat/mahlavir.htm"><strong>Jämsén, Turkka</strong>: Mahla virtaa</a> (novellikokoelma)</p>
<p><strong>MASENNUS JA/TAI MUUT MIELENTERVEYSONGELMAT?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.like.fi/kirja.php?detail_id=6154"><strong>Martin, Philip</strong>: Zen - Tie depression läpi</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.johnnykniga.fi/kniga/index.jsp?c=/news&#38;id=1092&#38;catId="><strong>Airaksinen, Timo</strong>: Hulluuden houkutus</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=1567"><strong>Lehtosaari, Arja</strong> &#38; <strong>Välipakka, Tuija</strong>: Sata tapaa tappaa sielu - Narsismin uhrit kertovat</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=679"><strong>Lahti, Pirkko</strong>: Hyvän mielen mahdollisuudet</a><br />
- <a href="http://otava.fi/kirjat/pokkarit/2005/fi_FI/tulikirja/"><strong>Marttila, Hanna Marjut</strong>: Tulikirja</a> (romaani)</p>
<p><strong>PSYKOPAATIN TAI SOSIOPAATIN PERSOONALLISUUS?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=1361"><strong>Müller, Thomas</strong>: Ihmispeto</a></p>
<p><strong>TERVEYSONGELMAT?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://tammi.fi/kirjat/ISBN/9789513135676/"><strong>Mazzarella, Merete</strong>: Hyvä kosketus - ihmisen kehosta, terveydestä, hoitamisesta ja kirjallisuudesta</a></p>
<p><strong>LÄHIOMAISEN TERVEYSONGELMAT?</strong><br />
<a href="http://www.like.fi/kirja.php?detail_id=3861&#38;haku=kaunis%20kuolema&#38;haku2=&#38;ryhma2=hak&#38;u=k"><strong>Courtemanche, Gil</strong>: Kaunis kuolema</a> (romaani)</p>
<p><strong>MEDIKALISOINTI, ASIOIDEN SAIRAALLISTAMINEN?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=1396"><strong>Hamilo, Marko</strong> (toim.): Älkää säätäkö päätänne - häiriö on todellisuudessa. Suomalaisen psykokulttuurin kritiikki</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.terracognita.fi/kirjat/9789525697070.html"><strong>Tammisalo, Osmo</strong>: Tavataan ensi viikolla - psykoanalyysin ja sen hoitovaikutusten kriittinen tarkastelu</a></p>
<p><strong>STRESSI?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.tammi.fi/kirjat/ISBN/9789513136772/alue/902,903,950/navi/Uutuudet/navi2/9006/"><strong>Leahy, Robert L.</strong>: Älä huoli - Seitsemän askeleen ohjelma sinulle, jolle monet asiat aiheuttavat huolta</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.wsoy.fi/index.jsp?c=/product&#38;isbn=951-0-34259-9"><strong>Keltikangas-Järvinen, Liisa</strong>: Temperamentti, stressi ja elämänhallinta</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.wsoy.fi/index.jsp?main=6&#38;isbn=951-0-32207-5&#38;sub=1&#38;c=/product"><strong>Ehdin, Sanna</strong>: Sisäinen menestys</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.wsoy.fi/index.jsp?main=6&#38;isbn=951-0-32109-5&#38;sub=1&#38;c=/product"><strong>Germain, Adriana</strong>: Paranna Keho. Itsehoito-opas stressin hallintaan ja elinvoiman lisäämiseen</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.wsoy.fi/index.jsp?main=6&#38;isbn=951-0-34157-6&#38;sub=1&#38;c=/product"><strong>Gray, John</strong>: Mars ja Venus törmäyskurssilla. Kuinka miehet ja naiset selviytyvät eri tavalla stressistä</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=588"><strong>Metropoliitta Johannes</strong>: Hiljaisuus</a></p>
<p><strong>TRAAGISET JA TRAUMAATTISET ELÄMÄNKOKEMUKSET, EPÄTOIVO?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.wsoy.fi/index.jsp?c=/product&#38;isbn=951-0-34517-2"><strong>Hauhio, Elisa</strong> &#38; <strong>Paakkala, Satu</strong> &#38; <strong>Sadinmäki, Jari</strong>: Suru</a><br />
- <a href="http://teos.fi/kirjat.php?id=204"><strong>Käcko, Marianne</strong>: Tapa minut, äiti!</a><br />
- <a href="http://tammi.fi/kirjat/ISBN/9789513137229/"><strong>Huovi, Hannele</strong>: Pesula</a> (romaani)</p>
<p><strong>HUUMEET?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.otava.fi/kirjat/suomennettu/2005/fi_FI/pohjolan_voima/"><strong>Ejersbo, Jakob</strong>: Pohjolan voima</a> (romaani)<br />
- <a href="http://www.bazarforlag.fi/Books/Books/Miljoonia%20sirpaleita.aspx"><strong>Frey, James</strong>: Miljoonia sirpaleita</a> (romaani)</p>
<p><strong>MUUT RIIPPUVUUDET?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.nemokustannus.fi/fi/kirjat.html?kirja=24"><strong>Poutiainen, Anneli</strong>: Rulettipäiväkirja - Kuinka jouduin pelihimon valtaan</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=1360"><strong>Graham, James</strong>: Juoppohullut vallankahvassa - Alkoholismin salattu historia</a></p>
<p><strong>MENETYKSET?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.wsoy.fi/index.jsp?main=1&#38;isbn=951-0-34420-6&#38;sub=1&#38;c=/product"><strong>Lardot, Raisa</strong>: Matkamies maan</a> (romaani)<br />
- <a href="http://www.wsoy.fi/index.jsp?main=1&#38;isbn=951-0-34504-0&#38;sub=1&#38;c=/product"><strong>Lundán, Tina</strong>: Ensimmäinen kesä</a> (romaani)<br />
- <a href="http://www.karisto.fi/portal/suomi/kustannusliike/kirjat/?action=kirja&#38;pid=768"><strong>Creech, Sharon</strong>: Kulje kaksi kuuta</a> (romaani)</p>
<p><strong>ULKONÄKÖPAINEET?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.like.fi/kirja.php?detail_id=6839"><strong>Beigbeder, Frédéric</strong>: Apua, anteeksi</a> (romaani)</p>
<p><strong>KOPIOINTI?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=1394"><strong>Gladwell, Malcolm</strong>: Leimahduspiste</a></p>
<p><strong>PERHEONGELMAT?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://teos.fi/kirjat.php?id=196"><strong>Pulkkinen, J.P.</strong>: Kaikki onnelliset perheet</a> (romaani)<br />
- <a href="http://teos.fi/kirjat.php?id=188&#38;select=uutuudet"><strong>Juslin, Emma</strong>: Frida ja Frida</a> (romaani)<br />
- <a href="http://www.myllylahti.fi/2007/2020703.htm"><strong>Hanhisuanto, Kari</strong>: Isä meidän</a> (romaani)<br />
- <a href="http://www.myllylahti.fi/kirjat/kulissit.htm"><strong>Uhlgren, Sauli</strong>: Kulissit</a> (romaani)</p>
<p><strong>KASVATUKSELLISET SEIKAT?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.gummerus.fi/page.asp?sivuID=280&#38;component=/PublishDB/Kirjat_kirjaesittely.asp&#38;recID=4605"><strong>Matilainen, Tuulia</strong>: Lapsi elää rutiineista - Helppo ja hyvä arki</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.wsoy.fi/index.jsp?c=/product&#38;isbn=951-0-33883-4"><strong>Sinkkonen, Jari</strong>: Mitä lapsi tarvitsee hyvään kasvuun</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=1456"><strong>Blythe, Daniel</strong>: Vaippavapaalla - vaihtoehtoinen opas uusille isille</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=370"><strong>Wahlsten, Juhani</strong> &#38; <strong>Tamminen, Juhani</strong>: Peli - mitä harrastus ja peli voi opettaa lapselle?</a></p>
<p><strong>VANHEMPIEN IDEOLOGISET TAI ELÄMÄNKATSOMUKSELLISET SEIKAT?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=1393"><strong>Antola, Päivikki</strong>: Papinlapset</a></p>
<p><strong>SUOMALAISEN MIEHEN MALLI?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=1358"><strong>Hyrkäs, Seppo</strong> &#38; <strong>Tabermann, Tommy</strong>: Tosimiehen testamentti</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=1357"><strong>Jouhki, Hannu</strong> &#38; <strong>Holappa, Pentti</strong>: Mies miehelle - tarina ystävyydestä</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.myllylahti.fi/kirjat/eiku.htm"><strong>Toiviainen, Petri</strong>: Eiku</a></p>
<p><strong>KOULUKIUSAAMINEN, NUORTEN ERIARVOISUUS?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.like.fi/kirja.php?detail_id=7950"><strong>Reuter, Martina</strong> &#38; <strong>Holm, Ruurik</strong>: Koulu ja valta</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.gummerus.fi/page.asp?sivuID=280&#38;component=/PublishDB/Kirjat_kirjaesittely.asp&#38;recID=4603"><strong>Holmberg-Kalenius, Tina</strong>: Koulukiusaamisen jälkeen</a></p>
<p><strong>ENEMMISTÖSTÄ POIKKEAVA OLEMUS, KÄYTÖS JA AJATTELU?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://atenakustannus.fi/index.php?pagecat=3&#38;page=kirja&#38;kirjaluokka_id=0&#38;kirja_id=218"><strong>Ackroyd, Peter</strong>: Edgar Allan Poe - Lyhyt elämä </a><br />
- <a href="http://atenakustannus.fi/index.php?pagecat=3&#38;page=kirja&#38;kirjaluokka_id=0&#38;kirja_id=224"><strong>Keskisarja, Teemu</strong>: Suomen ainoa sarjamurhaaja - Juhani Adaminpojan rikos ja rangaistus</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.tammi.fi/kirjat/ISBN/9789513142667/alue/904/navi/Uutuudet/navi2/9015/"><strong>Hautala, Marko</strong>: Itsevalaisevat</a> (romaani)<br />
- <a href="http://www.wsoy.fi/index.jsp?main=6&#38;isbn=951-0-33878-8&#38;sub=1&#38;c=/product"><strong>Friman, Rainer</strong>: Miehen tie</a></p>
<p><strong>TASAPÄISTÄMINEN?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://atenakustannus.fi/index.php?pagecat=3&#38;page=kirja&#38;kirjaluokka_id=0&#38;kirja_id=193"><strong>Virtanen, Kirsi</strong>: Lupa olla nainen</a></p>
<p><strong>YHTEISÖLLISYYDEN PUUTE?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.like.fi/kirja.php?detail_id=6939"><strong>Lähteenoksa, Meri</strong>: Viisas arki - Opas yhteisöllisyyteen</a><br />
- <a href="http://avain.net/uutuudet.html"><strong>Mazzucco, Melania G.</strong>: Täydellinen päivä</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=678"><strong>Tamminen, Juhani</strong>: Teamwork - Menestyksen askeleet ryhmätyössä</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.lokikirjat.fi/blanmahd.html"><strong>Blanchot, Maurice</strong>: Tunnustamaton yhteisö</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.terracognita.fi/kirjat/9789525697063.html"><strong>Surowiecki, James</strong>: Joukkojen viisaus</a></p>
<p><strong>LINTUKOTO-AJATTELU?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.terracognita.fi/kirjat/9789525697049.html"><strong>Taleb, Nassim Nicholas</strong>: Musta Joutsen - erittäin epätodennäköisen vaikutus</a></p>
<p><strong>JENGIYTYMINEN / YHTEISÖLLISYYS EPÄSOPIVINA PIDETTYJEN ASIOIDEN YMPÄRILLÄ?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.desura.fi/eightball.html"><strong>Sikes, Gini</strong>: 8 ball chicks - Vuosi tyttöjengien väkivaltaisessa maailmassa</a></p>
<p><strong>KAPINOINTI?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.lokikirjat.fi/hoikmita.html"><strong>Hoikkala, Tommi</strong> &#38; <strong>Laine, Sofia</strong> &#38; <strong>Laine, Jyrki</strong> (toim.): Mitä on tehtävä? Nuorison kapinan teoriaa ja käytäntöä</a></p>
<p><strong>NIHILISMI, PERINTEISTEN ARVOJEN HYLKÄÄMINEN, INDIVIDUALISMI?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.like.fi/kirja.php?detail_id=5926"><strong>Martikainen, Jarkko</strong>: Yhdeksän teesiä</a><br />
- <a href="http://atenakustannus.fi/index.php?pagecat=3&#38;page=kirja&#38;kirjaluokka_id=0&#38;kirja_id=214"><strong>Haatanen, Kalle</strong>: Ei voisi vähempää kiinnostaa - Esseitä nihilismistä</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=1398"><strong>Hughes, Josh Amatore</strong>: Punkshui - kodinsisustusta anarkisteille</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=4554"><strong>Blythe, Daniel</strong>: Vihaan joulua - Manifesti jouluhömpötystä vastaan</a></p>
<p><strong>HEDONISMI, NAUTINNONHAKUISUUS?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=4550"><strong>Niemi, Mari K.</strong> (toim.): Kiitos ei! Kieltäytymisen kulttuurihistoriaa</a></p>
<p><strong>DEKADENSSI, RAPPIOROMANTIIKKA?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.lokikirjat.fi/thompelk.html"><strong>Thompson, Hunter S.</strong>: Pelkoa ja inhoa Las Vegasissa - julma matka amerikkalaisen unelman keskipisteeseen</a> (romaani)</p>
<p><strong>NAISET?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=1209"><strong>Blackledge, Catherine</strong>: Vaginan tarina</a></p>
<p><strong>POLIITTISTEN / FILOSOFISTEN TOISINAJATTELIJOIDEN IHANNOINTI?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.like.fi/kirja.php?detail_id=6583"><strong>Vadén, Tere</strong> (toim.): Linkolan ajamana - Mistä linkolalaisuudessa on kysymys?</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.minervakustannus.fi/sophi/kirja.php?kirja=85"><strong>Laari, Jukka</strong> (toim.): Nietzschen hämärä - Pieni kirja Nietszchestä ja filosofiasta</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=1469"><strong>Lehto, Katriina</strong>: Ulrike Meinhof - Lähemmäs totuutta, ei todellisuutta</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=1508"><strong>de Madariaga, Isabel</strong>: Iivana Julma</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=1206"><strong>Thompson, Mel</strong> &#38; <strong>Rodgers, Nigel</strong>: Huonosti käyttäytyvät filosofit</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=1425"><strong>Shaw, Karl</strong>: Hullut diktaattorit</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=4657"><strong>Maser, Werner</strong>: Adolf Hitlerin Taisteluni</a></p>
<p><strong>"OMA" POLIITTINEN TAI FILOSOFINEN AGENDA?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=3193"><strong>Montefiore, Simon Sebag</strong>: Suuret puheet, jotka muuttivat maailmaa</a></p>
<p><strong>MARKKINAVOIMAT?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://avain.net/uutuudet.html"><strong>Ojajärvi, Jussi</strong> &#38; <strong>Steinby, Liisa</strong> (toim.): Minä ja markkinavoimat - Yksilö, kulttuuri ja yhteiskunta uusliberalismin valtakaudella</a><br />
- <a href="http://avain.net/uutuudet.html"><strong>Aitio, Tommi</strong>: Lajinsa paras - 200 tapaa viettää ylettömän hienoa elämää</a></p>
<p><strong>MEDIA?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://tammi.fi/kirjat/ISBN/9789513137182/"><strong>Schmidt, Johan</strong>: Reality show</a> (romaani)<br />
- <a href="http://www.johnnykniga.fi/kniga/index.jsp?viewId=4&#38;Sort=teos&#38;isbn=951-0-32378-0&#38;c=/product&#38;start=30"><strong>Saari, Heikki</strong>: Isku tajuntaan! - Suomen iltapäivälehdistön lyhyt historia</a><br />
- <a href="http://atenakustannus.fi/index.php?pagecat=3&#38;page=kirja&#38;kirjaluokka_id=6&#38;kirja_id=110"><strong>Kuutti, Heikki</strong>: Tutkittu juttu - johdatus tutkivaan journalismiin</a></p>
<p><strong>HUOMIONKIPEYS?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=1420"><strong>Blåfield, Ville</strong> &#38; <strong>Sharma, Leena</strong>: Ken leikkiin ryhtyy... Julkisuuden himo ja hinta</a></p>
<p><strong>USKONNOLLISUUS?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.nemokustannus.fi/fi/kirjat.html?kirja=173"><strong>Jacobs, A.J.</strong>: Raamatullinen vuosi - Yhden miehen nöyrä yritys noudattaa Raamatun ohjeita kirjaimellisesti yhden vuoden ajan</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.wsoy.fi/index.jsp?main=6&#38;isbn=951-0-34603-9&#38;sub=1&#38;c=/product"><strong>Isä Mitro</strong>n ajatuksia elämästä, työstä, uskosta</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.johnnykniga.fi/kniga/index.jsp?viewId=4&#38;Sort=teos&#38;isbn=951-0-30360-7&#38;c=/product&#38;start=30"><strong>Gardell, Jonas</strong>: Jumalasta</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=503"><strong>Virtanen, Lasse</strong>: Lähimmäiset - Metropoliitta Johannes</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=1422"><strong>Armstrong, Karen</strong>: Jumalan historia - 4000 vuotta juutalaisuutta, kristinuskoa ja islamia </a></p>
<p><strong>USKONNOTTOMUUS?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.wsoy.fi/index.jsp?main=6&#38;isbn=951-0-34839-2&#38;sub=1&#38;c=/product"><strong>Enqvist, Kari</strong>: Monimutkaisuus, elävän olemassaolomme perusta</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.sammakko.com/index.php?option=com_content&#38;task=view&#38;id=31&#38;Itemid=53#"><strong>Coupland, Douglas</strong>: Jumalan jälkeen</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=1094"><strong>Swain, Harriet</strong> (toim.): Suuret kysymykset</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=1950"><strong>Ganten, Detlev</strong> &#38; <strong>Deichman, Thomas</strong> &#38; <strong>Spahl, Thilo</strong>: Luonto, tiede ja elämä - Kaikki mitä tulee tietää</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.terracognita.fi/kirjat/9789525697001.html"><strong>Dawkins, Richard</strong>: Jumalharha</a></p>
<p><strong>MIELIKUVITUS?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.nemokustannus.fi/fi/kirjat.html?kirja=182"><strong>Topsell, John</strong> &#38; <strong>Nigg, Joseph</strong>: Lohikäärme - hoito ja kasvatus</a></p>
<p><strong>POPULAARIKULTTUURI?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.terracognita.fi/kirjat/9525202941.html"><strong>Johnson, Steven</strong>: Kaikki huono on hyväksi - Miten nykyinen populaarikulttuuri tekeekin meistä älykkäämpiä</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.wsoy.fi/index.jsp?c=/product&#38;isbn=951-0-32037-4"><strong>Lindfors, Jukka</strong>: Pakko vatkaa - Kirjoituksia popmusiikista</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=3914"><strong>Rowlands, Mark</strong>: Opin kaiken tietämäni televisiosta - filosofiaa sohvaperunoille</a><br />
- <a href="http://teos.fi/kirjat.php?select=tietokirjat&#38;id=131&#38;order=book&#38;start=all"><strong>Talvio, Otto</strong>: Biff! Bang! Pow! Seikkailuja populaarikulttuurissa</a></p>
<p><strong>ALAKULTTUURIT?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.like.fi/kirja.php?detail_id=3934"><strong>Chang, Jeff</strong>: Can't stop, won't stop - hiphopsukupolven historia</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.johnnykniga.fi/kniga/index.jsp?c=/news&#38;id=1092&#38;catId="><strong>Moynihan, Michael</strong> &#38; <strong>Søderling, Didrik</strong>: Kaaoksen ruhtinaat - Mustan metallin messu</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.like.fi/kirja.php?detail_id=2901&#38;haku=please%20kill%20me&#38;haku2=&#38;ryhma2=hak"><strong>McNeil, Legs</strong> &#38; <strong>McCain, Gillian</strong>: Please Kill Me - punkin sensuroimaton esihistoria</a></p>
<p><strong>ROCK-LYRIIKKA?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://bookstore.ellibs.com/book/12695?ref=google"><strong>Lahtinen, Toni</strong> &#38; <strong>Lehtimäki, Markku</strong> (toim.): Ääniä äänien takaa - tulkintoja rock-lyriikasta</a></p>
<p><strong>MUSTA HUUMORI?</strong><br />
- <a href="http://www.like.fi/kirja.php?detail_id=5919"><strong>Simon, Rich</strong>: Kusiaistarha ja muita epätoivoisia tilanteita</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.ajatuskirjat.fi/suomi/kirja.asp?KirjaID=1212"><strong>Kuula, Taija</strong> &#38; <strong>Hyyppä, Aki</strong> &#38; <strong>Toppari, Elina</strong>: Seppojormairmeli - etunimen selitys</a></p>
<p>Kaiken kaikkiaan pointti lienee loppujen lopulta se, että jokainen ongelmatapaus on yksilöllinen, sillä jokaisen ihmisen historia, luonne ja ominaisuudet ovat erilaiset, ja vaikka toimimmekin usein suhteellisen ennalta-arvattavasti, emme voi tuudittautua siihen, että jokainen toista aseella osoittava ihminen on esimerkiksi menettänyt isovanhempansa 4-vuotiaana, omistanut kaksi koiraa, pitänyt silkkipuseroita, laulanut mielellään juomalauluja, ottanut tatuoinnin tai juuri muutakaan näin spesifiä. Yksittäisten tekijöiden sijaan kannattaisikin keskittyä pohtimaan, miten ylipäänsä on päädytty tilanteeseen, jossa joudumme pohtimaan syitä siihen, miksi ihmiset ylipäänsä voivat niin pahoin. Milloin ongelmat ovat kasautuneet niin pahasti, että joudumme silmät ymmyrkäisinä kaivelemaan ongelmavyyhtejä ja etsimään sieltä pohjalta THE SEIKAN, joka on kaiken alku ja juuri?</p>
<p>Mielestäni mennään metsään, jos aletaan syyttää videopelejä, musiikkityylejä tai muita seikkoja, jotka eivät missään nimessä voi olla vastuussa häiriintyneistä ihmisyksilöistä ja heidän valinnoistaan. Onko oikeasti niin vaikeaa ymmärtää, että ihminen voi olla yhtäaikaisesti tasapainoinen ja silti kiinnostunut monista hurjina pidetyistä asioista? On myös muistettava, että monilla on ongelmia, monet käyttävät internetiä ja monet kuuntelevat hurjaa mörkömusiikkia - ja silti vain harvat päätyvät äärimmäisiin tekoihin.</p>
<p>Lisäys 2.10.: lukijan kirjalisäys (kohtaan Ihmisyys?) sekä romaanimaininnat.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Immanuel Kant - La experiencia]]></title>
<link>http://veotriple.wordpress.com/?p=13</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 29 Sep 2008 14:29:22 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>userbarna</dc:creator>
<guid>http://veotriple.pt-br.wordpress.com/2008/09/29/immanuel-kant-la-experiencia/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[&#8220;It is beyond a doubt that all our knowledge begins with experience&#8221;
Está fuera de duda]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p>"It is beyond a doubt that all our knowledge begins with experience"</p></blockquote>
<p>Está fuera de dudas que todo conocimiento empieza con la experiencia.</p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant">Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)</a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Done and moving on.]]></title>
<link>http://tomashalberstad.wordpress.com/?p=629</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 28 Sep 2008 15:58:13 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Tomas Halberstad</dc:creator>
<guid>http://tomashalberstad.pt-br.wordpress.com/2008/09/28/done-and-moving-on/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[The philosophy of politics and Mr. John Rawls has now, for the moment being, been put on the shelf. ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The philosophy of politics and Mr. <a href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/r/rawls.htm" target="_blank">John Rawls</a> has now, for the moment being, been put on the shelf. Yes, that's right folks, I'm done. I sent my exam in just now. In a couple of weeks we'll see how it went. I feel good about it.</p>
<p>So, out with the old and in with the new. The history of practical philosophy is the next course, the next thing for me to dive into. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" target="_blank">Aristotle</a> and <a href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/k/kantmeta.htm" target="_blank">Immanuel Kant</a> will be my passengers, or perhaps drivers, for the weeks ahead. Starting tomorrow; Aristotle <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichomachean_Ethics" target="_blank">Nicomachean Ethics</a> book 1 chapter 1-7 + commentary.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Candy troll, candy troll, candy troll.]]></title>
<link>http://tomashalberstad.wordpress.com/?p=621</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 26 Sep 2008 12:07:38 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Tomas Halberstad</dc:creator>
<guid>http://tomashalberstad.pt-br.wordpress.com/2008/09/26/candy-troll-candy-troll-candy-troll/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Studying and It&#8217;s coming along nicely, my exam in the philosophy of politics that is. I&#8217;]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Studying and It's coming along nicely, my exam in the philosophy of politics that is. I've finished 2 out of 3 questions... well 2 and 1 quarter to be exact. I am well on track for Mondays hand in. So what next, what after the hand in? The answer is of course <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" target="_blank">Aristotle</a> and <em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" target="_blank">Nicomachean Ethics</a> </em>and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" target="_blank">Kant</a> <em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics_of_Morals" target="_blank">Metaphysics of Morals</a><span style="font-style:normal;">. The course is The history of practical philosophy. I think this is going to be my least favourite course this semester. Educating but tedious. I think. I might be wrong. I've been wrong before. Not many times. Maybe just one. I was wrong about the philosophy of religion. I thought that I would dislike that one. I didn't. I found it really god... I mean good. So until Tuesday I have to read the first 7 chapters and comments to them in Nicomachean Ethics.</span></em></p>
<p>In music things are also trotting along at a nice pace. Yesterday I struck a deal with the local candy shop, the Candy Troll, over the purchase of 50 padded envelopes. Mr Candy Troll gave me a good price an I will collect them later today. This means that the sending out of promos still hasn't happened and no; I haven't got the last song from Rob, there was something about a boat and Santa Clause.</p>
<p>Picture: Me iChatting with KG:</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-622" title="kgandi" src="http://tomashalberstad.wordpress.com/files/2008/09/kgandi.jpg" alt="" width="480" height="360" /></p>
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<title><![CDATA[The errancy of Kant]]></title>
<link>http://alveritascleric.wordpress.com/?p=75</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 22 Sep 2008 16:35:04 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>alveritascleric</dc:creator>
<guid>http://alveritascleric.pt-br.wordpress.com/2008/09/22/the-errancy-of-kant/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Inspiration?
  I just finished watching &#8220;The Sensation of Sight&#8221; which I found most int]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:center;"><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Inspiration?</span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">  I just finished watching "The Sensation of Sight" which I found most interesting. I have virtually watched hundreds if not thousands of movies and television programmes. "The Sensation of Sight" is perhaps one of the top 10 most unique ones I've ever watched. By unique I really mean strange. The storyline at the beginning seemed rather difficult and perhaps even haphazard. It wasn't easy to understand what was going on. However, as with unique and strange films some meaning is only to be seen at the near end of the whole thing. Even so, much remains unknown. Perhaps this is to convey a deep impression of mystery to the audience as a reflection of the theme itself namely, why? Why has life brought me here? Why did he do it? Why have I done this? Why is life unfair? Why is it like this? Why, why, why. Questions after questions. I'm sure about right now you must be asking,"What the heck is this guy on about?" You see, that's a question!(as if you don't know). Life is filled with questions. Can we live without them? Well if you want to know what I'm talking about then I suggest you get a copy of the film and have a go at it yourself and maybe you can share with me what you think. I must warn you though. If you're the type that do not enjoy long winded and slow paced movies or shows then this is not your cup of tea. However, if you are adventerous enough be prepared to go through a 3 hour long silver screen escapade. The first half of the movie will leave you gobsmacked or perplexed and laughing at yourself asking what the hell is going on. Nevertheless, I would give it a 4 out of 5 stars for sheer originality and depth and perhaps another star for truly being non-cliche. The complexity of the plot itself contributes to the unpredicitability of it all.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><!--more--></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">  Anyway, the movie is about this massively depressed English teacher who quits his job after witnessing a terrible incident(which I won't tell you of course :p). His depression drove him to the point of pulling a one of a kind kart around town filled with stationaries, a pillow, food and above all his encyclopedias which he tries to sell. This was part of his quest in trying to solve the big question of WHY and find out what is "truth". In the process of doing so he practically forsakes his wife and child and starts living at a bed and breakfast. Somehow, these brought me thinking about Immanuel Kant and ethics. So before I get some shut eye(it's 11.30 pm) i'll just share with you some of my humble thoughts on one of the many philosophical theories argued by Kant.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"> </p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Immanuel Kan't theory of categorical imperative</span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">  Immanuel Kant is regarded as a great philosopher in the world of philosophy without dispute. However, scholars differ as to his rank among the philosophers. There are those who would give him such accolades as that given by Stanford i.e. "one of the greatest philosophers ever" <a href="http://www.stanford.edu/~richie/kant.htm">http://www.stanford.edu/~richie/kant.htm</a>. This is perhaps a little too excessive in praise. I mean, is there a benchmark agreed by some acknowledged group of authoritative people/society in the ranking of philosophers? What's the yardstick? In truth, it is just a matter of opinion without concrete standards applicable to all.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">  Kant's main work on the 'categorical imperative' is his Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals which was published in 1785. I will not be delving into the depths and all the details of the concept for it will just bore you to death and I need my sleep lol. So I will go straight to the point and share with you the gist of it. Kant believed rather militantly and argued that we can never conclusively show that an action was correct or otherwise by virtue of its possible or probable result, because there will always be a lack of evidence. Kant reasoned that what is right and correct is what our feeling tells us what is right and you don't have to go looking for what is right and then decide that you should do it. He further argued that it is our obligation to put aside two others considerations namely, effects and inclinations. For example, if you do something with an expectation of something like a benefit for instance then it is not a moral choice. Nor is it a moral choice to do something because you enjoy doing it. In short, Kant argued that "one should act out of a personal sense of what is right". To this he developed a universal principle called the 'categorical imperative'.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">  In simple terms he proposed under 'categorical imperative' that you should only do something if you are prepared to allow the notion that others may also do likewise based on the same moral principle. You cannot consider yourself unique or above others in that you are the only one or select few who may do something and others should not do it. The following is an illustration of this concept.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><em>I</em></span> do not want to work.<em> </em><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><em>I</em> </span>want to steal.</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:center;">Changed into a categorical imperative:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><strong><em><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Everyone</span></em> do not want to work. <em><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Everyone</span></em> wants to steal.</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"> The idea is to universalise the imperative i.e. I(singular) to Everyone. If you wish to steal then you must agree that everyone ought to be able to do the same. If such a thing were to happen and everybody followed the imperative and stop working and start stealing this will lead to a complete end to production which will eventually lead to the unavailability of produce to steal from. If no one works there will be no product. If there is no product there can be no theft. The conclusion to this simple excercise is that stealing is therefore illogical and if it is illogical then it is immoral. It all seems very fair and logical, doesn't it? Well, let's take a closer look. Let's look further at the militancy of Kant in his theory which I mentioned before. One day someone approached him and gave him an anology in regards to this theory. The analogy goes something like this:</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">  If you are caught by a murderer and the murderer demands from you information regarding the whereabouts of your sister which you know, should you give him the information or should you lie? Knowing full well that if you gave up the information your sister's life will be in jeapordy so should you lie? According to Immanuel Kant based on categorical imperative i.e. lying is illogical, you cannot lie and must tell the truth regardless of the consequence.  </p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Which one of you honestly agrees to this? Imagine yourself in such a situation will you subscribe to Kant's theory or will you do the humane thing which is actually the right thing?</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Let us further analyse Kant's theory and put it to the test. Here's a crude analogy:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><strong><em>I</em> want to be a doctor</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:center;">Changed into a categorical imperative:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><strong><em>Everyone </em>wants to be a doctor</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">  Is it feasible for everyone to be a doctor? Of course not. Who's going to be the patient if everyone becomes a doctor? How can there be doctors without patients? Who's going to feed the doctors if everyone becomes one? Based on the logic proposed by Kant being a doctor is immoral. </p>
<p style="text-align:left;">  In reality, the whole premise is fallacious to begin with. How can you possibly use the argument that if you do this be prepared to accept on principle that everyone can do it too and if everyone does it then that's the end of it. How can you possibly make the presumption that everyone will do it? It's illogical to say that everyone will do the exact same thing. That is beyond mankind's capability. We are naturally unique in nature and overlapping cannot occur on such a massive scale as everyone doing the same thing. So it is my view that Kant wasn't really that wise here. Creative may be, but definitely unwise.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"> </p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Concerned citizen,</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Al-Veritas Cleric</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">(Veritas Lux Mea)</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"> </p>
<p style="text-align:left;"> </p>
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<title><![CDATA[Aphorismus #122]]></title>
<link>http://ungenannter.wordpress.com/?p=798</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 19 Sep 2008 22:01:55 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>ungenannter</dc:creator>
<guid>http://ungenannter.pt-br.wordpress.com/2008/09/20/aphorismus-122/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Eine Regierung, die auf dem Prinzip des Wohlwollens gegen das Volk als eines Vaters gegen seine Kind]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2>Eine Regierung, die auf dem Prinzip des Wohlwollens gegen das Volk als eines Vaters gegen seine Kinder errichtet wäre, das ist eine väterliche Regierung, ist der größte denkbare Despotismus.</h2>
<p><a title="Wikipedia zu Kant" href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kant" target="_blank">Immanuel Kant</a>,<a title="Das Zitat habe ich heute im TV gehört und in diesem Arbeitspapier für eine Vorlesung gefunden." href="http://www.jura.uni-wuerzburg.de/fileadmin/02160100/Lehrveranstaltungen/WS_2007_2008/Rechtsphilosophie/arbbl_kant.pdf" target="_blank"> "Über den Gemeinspruch: Das mag in der Theorie richtig sein, taugt aber nicht für die Praxis"</a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Iron Bridge Tools brings innovation and Quality to their lines of Hand Tools and Flashlights]]></title>
<link>http://surefireflashlightsinfo.wordpress.com/?p=3</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 19 Sep 2008 16:32:15 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>sangeet123</dc:creator>
<guid>http://surefireflashlightsinfo.pt-br.wordpress.com/2008/09/19/iron-bridge-tools-brings-innovation-and-quality-to-their-lines-of-hand-tools-and-flashlights/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[United States of America (Press Release) May 9, 2008 &#8212; Iron Bridge Tools Inc. is a full servic]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>United States of America (Press Release) May 9, 2008 -- Iron Bridge Tools Inc. is a full service design and manufacturer of high quality hand tools and flashlights. We are an original equipment manufacturer OEM for many Big Box retailers and Brands such as Skil and Northern Tool.</p>
<p>Iron Bridge Tools began out of a need to bring better quality product, value oriented pricing and innovation to the Hand Tool Category.<br />
All engineering and design is done in house in USA and in our office in Ningbo, China. We have a full staff of engineers, designers, modelers and graphic artists in house.</p>
<p>We pride ourselves on our Quality Control Standards. We check the quality of their products every step of the way, so your clients can be assured by the time it reaches the stores it has been QC checked at multiple stages along the way.</p>
<p>We carry a complete line of innovative, ergonomic professional tools and flashlights which meet or exceed ANSI standards.</p>
<p>Iron Bridge Tools also does all of the packaging in house to insure consistency and quality.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Desire(or, the Desire for Loss)]]></title>
<link>http://provocateuse.wordpress.com/?p=84</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 18 Sep 2008 12:56:14 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Eva</dc:creator>
<guid>http://provocateuse.pt-br.wordpress.com/2008/09/18/desireor-the-desire-for-loss/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[I have not, in at least five years, said &#8220;cumming&#8221;: not after learning that in certain A]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I have not, in at least five years, said "cumming": not after learning that in certain Asian countries(possibly all of them, limited as my knowledge is, but certainly Japan) "going" is the preferred term. As "going" is another way of expressing dying or death, it seems considerably more apt.</p>
<p>From <a title="In Praise of Perversion" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/love-sex/taboo-tolerance/in-praise-of-perversion-932629.html" target="_blank">the Independent</a>:</p>
<blockquote><p>"In the end," the great French philosopher of eroticism Georges Bataille wrote, "we resolutely desire that which imperils our life." Not accidentally, not half-heartedly, but resolutely. I do not say we want to die (though on occasions we think we do) but we want sex to take us as close to death as life allows, the paradox being - and this is a paradox which most sexual perversions celebrate, whereas love, sweet love does not - that we are never more alive than when we are staring into loss.......... </p></blockquote>
<p>In the <em>Critique of Judgment</em>, Kant states that pleasure-and displeasure-stems from the feeling of furtherance-or restriction-of life. What one feels depends, ultimately, on how one imagines it first-anticipation can easily become a predator.</p>
<p>Baudelaire put it more poetically: "There are in every man, always, two simultaneous allegiances, one to God, the other to Satan. Invocation of God, or Spirituality, is a desire to climb higher; that of Satan, or animality, is delight in descent."</p>
<p>Its not rare that what I consider pleasure or displeasure is not shared by the majority.</p>
<p>I never feel more restricted than when my freedom is threatened by others; in contrast, when I threaten my own freedom-or life-I feel more cognizant of myself than ever before, more real, more aware of my flesh and bones and veins. I seek threats not because of a death wish(though some therapists, spoiled too much by psychology and not enough by philosophy, have thought to the contrary), but because of the reminder of my limitations it confers.</p>
<p>Which brings me to confessing that I enjoy being ill. As a constant issue, it would be dreadful. But true feverish illness rarely strikes and when it does I revel in it for as long as it lasts. I desire it...so I was actualy saddened today when, upon waking, my temperature was below 100 for the first time since Saturday.</p>
<p>I miss the hallucinations and the aches and that feeling of intense pain when you so much as wash your hands. My mortality is highlighted during intense fevers and something in me craves that knowledge of my limits, my impermanence. Illness is initiation, it strenghtens and stretches and is the most intense physical instance of the possibility of loss.</p>
<p>So I should bathe, as its been days, but I really don't want to: instead I'll stay in bed and finish my vodka and continue recovery, selfishly wrapped up, with the smell of death-infused sweat, dried against my skin, permeating my immediate space.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Minden napra 1 idézet - 2008.09.18.]]></title>
<link>http://kikaszblog.wordpress.com/?p=119</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 18 Sep 2008 07:14:51 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>kikasz</dc:creator>
<guid>http://kikaszblog.pt-br.wordpress.com/2008/09/18/minden-napra-1-idezet-20080918-2/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[„Két dolog tölti el lelkemet annál újabb és annál növekvőbb tisztelettel és csodálattal,]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p><span style="font-size:10pt;">„Két dolog tölti el lelkemet annál újabb és annál növekvőbb tisztelettel és csodálattal, minél többször és tartósabban foglalkozik vele gondolkodásom: a csillagos ég felettem és az erkölcsi törvény bennem."<br />
<strong><em>Immanuel Kant sírfelirata</em></strong></span></p></blockquote>
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<title><![CDATA[Ce înseamnă „a lua Lumină”?]]></title>
<link>http://proiectularche.wordpress.com/?p=342</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 08 Sep 2008 14:02:15 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Cristian</dc:creator>
<guid>http://proiectularche.pt-br.wordpress.com/2008/09/08/ce-inseamna-%e2%80%9ea-lua-lumina%e2%80%9d/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[„Luarea Luminii” are loc în noaptea de Înviere şi este simbolizată prin aprinderea lumânăr]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;"><img class="alignleft" src="http://media.salemwebnetwork.com/Preaching/CMS/ImageGallery/Resources/Features/2004/emergent_candle.250w.tn.jpg" alt="" width="175" height="175" />„Luarea Luminii” are loc în noaptea de Înviere şi este simbolizată prin aprinderea lumânărilor de la om la om în timpul slujbei religioase. Ca act simbolic, pune laolaltă (gr. <em>Symballein</em>) ceva public şi ceva, ca să-l numim într-un fel, ezoteric. O putem asocia unui suport palpabil pe care se clădeşte altul – <em>Das Andere</em> ar spune unii înţelepţi germani. Dar nu putem să separăm cele două planuri în gândire pentru că în caz contrar ele ar rămâne seci în faţa acesteia. Un exemplu de „gândire care leagă” este relevant în acest sens.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;">Acţiunea din miezul nopţii de Înviere face ca „a lua Lumină” să fie, de fapt, „a da Lumină”. Şi „a da Lumină” înseamnă, în acelaşi timp, „a păstra Lumină”. Înainte să acuzăm un limbaj biblic de lemn şi de a subscrie logicii temporale sau lingvistice, vom privi lucrurile într-o manieră cât se poate de originară, iar pentru aceasta este nevoie să ne desprindem de aproape toate sensurile curente pe care le poartă aceste cuvinte; este evident că „lumină” nu se referă aici la o manipulare practică a energiei electrice şi nici măcar la lumina astrului solar. Ea este ceva originar care atunci când este pus la dispoziţia omului nu mai este ceea ce este. E vorba de „lumina increată”, „lumina divină”, „lumină taborică”, adică <em>Aktiston Phos</em> în greceşte. Aceasta ar înseamna că ea nu poate fi decât păstrată şi nu luată sau dată. Dar dacă privim mai atenţi, sensul lui „a lua” se păstrează el însuşi ca „a începe să…” până în limba neogreacă, folosit mai ales în cazul unei uniuni (o căsătorie, de exemplu). Deci ar fi mai potrivit dacă pentru câteva momente am înţelege prin „a lua Lumină” o uniune <em>hic incipit</em>. Însă întrebării noastre nu i s-a oferit nici pe departe un răspuns, ci a fost pusă doar într-o perspectivă pe care, fără un fundament destul de stabil până la urmă, noi o livrăm ca „originară”. Pentru a vedea dacă într-adevăr aşa stau lucrurile, să punem o altă întrebare-cheie: ce înseamnă „a da Lumină”? <!--more--></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;">Sărbătoarea pascală prezintă mai multe rădăcini şi se lasă interpretată în diverse feluri. Rămânând o „sărbătoare a primăverii”, cu toate implicaţiile simbolice ale acestui anotimp, ea preia elemente a- şi pre- creştine, sintetizându-le într-o <em>confesiune</em> cu totul aparte prin însăşi capacitatea ei de reunire. Prin <em>confesiune</em> înţelegem <em>rostire</em> în sensul unei dare de seamă ca <em>explicaţie</em>. Dacă am scrie în limba engleză am putea justifica mai uşor alegerea termenilor într-un registru lingvistic contemporan: <em>plication</em> este starea de a fi închis, ceea ce face ca <em>ex-plication</em> să fie deschiderea stării de a fi închis. Noi conturăm, astfel, confesiunea ca explicare în afară (e un pleonasm pe care ni-l asumăm pentru o mai bună înţelegere). Iar „a da Lumină” înseamnă tocmai acest lucru. Gândim chiar Lumina ca ceva originar, care, prin confesiune, face posibilă epifania ek-statică. Nu putem folosi aici concepte deja uzate oarecum (adică, de exemplu, „Lumina face posibilă comunicarea”, etc.) pentru că ar trebui să facem eforturi suplimentare în reinvestirea cu sens a acestor cuvinte.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;">Însă, putem privi actul confesiunii ajuns la (unul din?) vârfurile sale prin „luarea”, „păstrarea” şi „darea” de Lumină ca act originar al omului de rostire simbolică a credinţei sale. Dacă vom reuşi să extragem „luminarea” – aşa cum o vede Kant – din proiectul său al Raţiunii autocrate, vom rămâne cu necesarul ieşirii din minorat care apasă pe umerii oamenilor. Dar nu cumva prin confesiune, prin „luare de Lumină”, omului îi este dată spre uz eficacitatea unor ierarhii valorice ca repere existenţiale şi este „descătuşat” prin aceea că el însuşi devine „păstrătorul” şi „dătătorul” de Lumină? Aceasta este doar o direcţie de gândire în reflecţia asupra „luării Luminii” ca simbolizare a <em>rostuirii</em> în cel mai clar sens heideggerian şi o menţionăm doar pentru a o trece în revistă. Mai importante sunt întrebările pe care le deschide o astfel de gândire: ar însemna atunci că lipsa instituirii de ierarhii este lipsă de Lumină? Sau, mai mult, cel ce nu confesează neluând Lumină nu-şi găseşte rostul?</p>
<p><em><strong>Articol publicat de Cristian Hainic într-o revistă de circulaţie naţională.</strong></em></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Recenzie: Mircea Platon - Cine ne scrie istoria?]]></title>
<link>http://proiectularche.wordpress.com/?p=415</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 04 Sep 2008 21:51:22 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Invitat</dc:creator>
<guid>http://proiectularche.pt-br.wordpress.com/2008/09/05/recenzie-mircea-platon-cine-ne-scrie-istoria/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[
de Silviu Man
Din titlul acestei cărţi-“invitaţie la rezistenţă şi luciditate”, cum o def]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:justify;"><img class="alignleft" style="margin:10px;" src="http://www.bookblog.ro/cover/scrieistoria.jpg" alt="Mircea Platon - Cine ne scrie istoria? - recenzie carti" width="150" height="200" align="left" /></p>
<p style="text-align:right;">de<strong> Silviu Man</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Din titlul acestei cărţi-“invitaţie la rezistenţă şi luciditate”, cum o defineşte autorul, mă atrage mult pronumele “ne”. Strecurat în titlu, acesta schimbă perspectiva asupra istoriei, care, dintr-o dată, nu mai este desfăşurarea liniară de mumii ţepene şi inexpresive, încorsetate între parantezele unor ani de domnie, aşa ne apare din manualele şcolare. Nu o ştiinţă de laborator, izolată şi obscură în articulaţiile ei, Istoria despre care se vorbeşte în carte este una căreia eu, cititorul, îi aparţin, care <em>mă</em> priveşte în mod direct şi <em>mă</em> responsabilizează.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Cine ne scrie istoria?</strong>… mai întâi, cine este cel care se întreabă? Mircea Platon - poet, eseist şi traducător, în prezent doctorand în Istorie la Ohio State University at Columbus, autorul unui fortifiant “îndreptar de fundamentalism literar”, numit <strong>Ortodoxia pe litere</strong>:</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">“<em>Când scrii o carte, mobilizezi o armată, şi-atunci epoleţii, pampoanele şi slujul îşi au rolul lor. Când scrii un articol eşti lunetist. Aşa că nu de noi dialoguri care se sfârşesc în vechi dileme avem nevoie acum. Ci de nişte franctirori intelectuali cu ochi buni şi mână sigură care să ne facă viaţa mai respirabilă.</em>”</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">(Te-ai aştepta ca autorul unei asemenea declaraţii de război să pozeze, precum un Eugen Ionesco de pe o veche <a href="http://www.humanitas.ro/images/carti/large/758.jpg">copertă</a> a <strong>Războiului cu toată lumea</strong>, cu o puşcă în braţe, fixând cu sânge rece o întreagă cultură, care nu ar avea de ales decât între prăsirea de genii şi rafala de gloanţe critice. Nici vorbă. Bărbatul care zâmbeşte senin din fotografia de la <em>Presa Alternativă</em> sau <em>Puncte Cardinale</em> nu aduce deloc cu vreun mercenar, nici măcar cu unul cultural; poate mai degrabă cu vreun serafim boem şi ştrengar, nu chiar “cu părul nins”, dar fără îndoială tot din cei care “însetează după adevăr”, ca în Blaga.)<!--more--></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">“<em>La noi, orice înţepare a clasicilor în viaţă îţi aduce acuzaţii de impertinenţă. Prea se pune accent pe buna creştere în scris şi prea suntem bădărani în realitate. Adevărul este că trebuie să cutezi în artă şi să fii civilizat în viaţă”</em> scrie Mircea Platon într-unul din eseurile din această carte. Şi într-adevăr, autorul, deşi dinamitard, nu are nimic în comun cu acel manelism literar, cu secreţiile revanşarde ale unor arendaşi culturali din România, care produc, ciudat mecanism de apărare!, onomatopee pompoase pentru a-şi masca vastele lacune bibliografice şi de bun-simţ. Mircea Platon este ofensiv - şi încă cu ce poftă!, dar nu ofensator.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">După publicarea <strong>Ortodoxiei pe litere, </strong>C. Stănescu, într-un articol din ziarul <em>Gândul</em>, atrăgea atenţia asupra faptului că “<em>în “războiul” început cu memoria stângii, tânărul savant în devenire, strivit între cărţi, este el însuşi prizonierul şi robul bibliografiei. Abia “eliberarea” de sub teroarea ei vizibilă la tot pasul ne va spune încotro va apuca un mare talent polemic şi o inteligenţă cu adevărat ieşită din comun</em>”</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Sunt sceptic în această privinţă: în umbra savantlâcurilor orchestrate, Mircea Platon este viu şi nevătămat. Nu ai nici un moment senzaţia jenantă de scris cârpăcit din obligaţie, frustrare sau ambiţie neroadă. Dincolo de scriitura energică şi energetică, se află chiar <em>omul</em>, nu o imagine croită pretenţios sub care se ascunde un individ anonim, iar relaţia cititorului cu autorul nu este una de simplă aderare ideatică, mediată prin scris, ci una <em>interpersonală</em> – ceea ce este rarisim. E lesne de închipuit că scriitorul este la fel de prezent şi când renunţă la tonajul notelor de subsol pentru vreun dialog amical, de şuetă (însoţit de cafele şi, eventual, plăcinte cu mere care, conform unei menţiuni dintr-un articol mai vechi, nu au voie, deontologic vorbind, să te ducă cu gândul la Kant). Greul bibliografiei, chiar mai mult decât în publicistica unui Mircea Vulcănescu, îi certifică autoritatea fără a-i ştirbi din personalitate. Mărturie pot sta fascinantul eseu <strong><a href="http://convorbiri-literare.dntis.ro/PLATONian6.htm">Cine a furat perucile?</a></strong> în care demonstrează că “<em>dacă intelectualii francezi ar fi avut umor şi graţie, nu s-ar fi putut îndrăgosti de Lenin şi Stalin, de realizările industriale ale Sovietelor, şi de trombonistica lor artă cinematografică</em>” ori devastatoarea hermeneutică, scrisă cu un molipsitor surâs în vârful peniţei, a babei credincioase văzută ca baricadă salvatoare şi ţâfnoasă împotriva secularizării - <strong><a href="http://www.rostonline.org/rost/ian-feb2007/babele.shtml">Despre virtuţile eshatologice ale colivei, parastaselor şi pasunismului</a></strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">De altfel, nu cred că acribia şi studiul susţinut sunt valorile supreme în scrierile lui Mircea Platon ci, paradoxal sau nu, <em>intuiţia</em>. În lipsa intuiţiei, eşafodajul ştiinţific edificat s-ar nărui precum în <strong>Prăbuşirea balivernei</strong> a lui Buzzatti, iar cărturarul - smuls de gravitaţia ce îl atrage invers - nu spre pământ, ci către văzduhuri - s-ar rătăci, plutind absurd şi absent în jurul oricărei aporii. Eretic neracordat la canoanele nonconformisului, Mircea Platon este capabil de seducătoare intuiţii eterice: nu citania aspră, ci numai intuiţia poate naşte o formulare de un haz amar-nebun, precum “fiinţa-pişcot”. Nu cu arsenalul de tomuri brăcuite, poţi înmuguri un aforism ca “veşnicia este spaţiul dintre clipe” sau sângera o metaforă precum “buchetul de flori carnivore care e secolul XX”, şi nu altfel poţi ajunge să spui că din călimara lui Al. Paleologu “<em>au înflorit, cu zvelte şi mătăsoase petale de cerneală, şuvoaie de paradoxe şi ingeniozităţi</em>” (în <strong>Ortodoxia pe litere</strong>). Nu degeaba îl bănuieşte Părintele Gheorghe Calciu (pe care altminteri numai o salvă de straşnice intuiţii l-a putut salva de la pierzanie atâţia ani) că “este mult mai mult decât un om informat şi mult mai mult decât un mânuitor al limbii”.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Ca şi Ovidiu Hurduzeu, partenerul cu care, recent, a scris “la patru mâini” un simfonic <a href="http://www.ideiindialog.ro/download.php?id=81">manifest</a> în <em>prestissimo</em> de trezire la realitate, Mircea Platon este un excelent vorbitor al unei limbi (sper nu) pe cale de dispariţie : <em>desperanto</em>. O limbă al cărei alfabet se poate învăţa şi din <strong>Cine ne scrie istoria?</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><em><strong><a href="http://www.bookblog.ro/eseuri/cine-ne-scrie-istoria/" target="_blank">Recenzie</a> preluata de pe</strong></em><em><strong> <a href="http://bookblog.ro/" target="_blank">BookBlog</a>.<br />
</strong></em></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://bookblog.ro" target="_blank"><img class="aligncenter" src="http://img339.imageshack.us/img339/7019/bookbloglogohg7.jpg" alt="" width="130" height="37" /></a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[A fundamentação ético-política dos direitos humanos]]></title>
<link>http://dougruan.wordpress.com/?p=3</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 04 Sep 2008 20:03:25 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Douglas</dc:creator>
<guid>http://dougruan.pt-br.wordpress.com/2008/09/04/a-fundamentacao-etico-politica-dos-direitos-humanos/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[ Comentários sobre o texto &#8221;A fundamentação ético-política dos direitos humanos&#8221;,]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p> <strong><em>Comentários sobre o texto "A fundamentação ético-política dos direitos humanos", de Josué Emílio Möller.</em></strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p>O texto trabalha com a temática do reconhecimento dos direitos humanos à sua fundamentação ético-política, de modo a que esses direitos possam ser compreendidos e incorporados à essência de uma teoria de justiça global que tenha a capacidade de estruturar e orientar a instituição de uma sociedade mundial.</p>
<p>A fundamentação ético-política dos direitos humanos delineia-se em torno da conformação de limites para as manifestações culturais que ocorrem no cenário global e, também, em torno do estabelecimento de pressupostos para um acordo intercultural capaz de gerar condições favoráveis à instituição de uma sociedade mundial. <em>(Página 82)</em></p>
<p>O pluralismo e a tolerância são elementos indispensáveis para a configuração de uma sociedade mundial. São pressupostos necessários para que os direitos humanos possam ser considerados como inerentes a todos os seres humanos. A fundamentação ético-política erige-se sobretudo a partir da reflexão acerca da razoabilidade moral das manifestações culturais em um ambiente compartilhado.</p>
<p>Uma das finalidades da análise que propõe o texto é ressaltar a necessidade da preservação de espaços recíprocos a fim de assegurar a coexistência e a convivência pacífica de indivíduos que possuem distintas concepções de bem e que pertencem a diferentes comunidades culturais e sociedades nacionais.</p>
<p>De tudo o que é exposto um ponto deve receber a devida atenção: a lei da moralidade formulada por Immanuel Kant. A moralidade kantiana é a reciprocidade das condutas dos seres racionais, ou seja, <strong>a regra de ouro</strong>, que consiste, basicamente, em não fazer a algum sujeito algo que não se quer que ele faça a mim, a nós, enfim, a qualquer outra pessoa.</p>
<p>A "regra de ouro" eleva e transforma a idéia da reciprocidade em um principio específico que não tem necessariamente relação com a maneira como cada qual foi concretamente tratado no passado<em>.  (Página 103)</em></p>
<p>A lei da moralidade deve ser entendida como princípio supremo apto para guiar as condutas de todos os seres humanos. <em>(Página 100)</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p>O enfoque, como é possível notar, é despir os falsos argumentos de que não existiria um elo entre os seres racionais cuja dimensão de tão grande torna viável o reconhecimento de direitos humanos fundamentais no âmbito do ambiente global. Tendo em consideração, mais uma vez, a necessidade de uma moralidade comum como forma de garantir a coexistência e a convivência pacífica. <em>(Página 83)</em></p>
<p>O ceticismo generalizado precisa ser deslocado, em prol de uma mentalidade um tanto mais otimista. É fato que o pluralismo cultural é um importante fator desencadeador de dificuldades para o universalismo dos direitos humanos. <em>(Página 84)</em> Além disso, as identidades culturais, pelo fato de serem preponderantemente excludentes - "<em>o estrangeiro</em>", "<em>o outro</em>", etc -, opõem-se naturalmente a pretensões que ensejam pelo universalismo e pelo conteúdo e qualidade de direitos afirmados e proclamados em um nível de comprometimento internacional.</p>
<p>Em um ambiente díspar, para a prática cosmopolita, não deve haver imposição unilateral, nem mesmo multilateral. Deve-se buscar compreender as tradições culturais e buscar identificação de fins e valores compartilhados por indivíduos pertencentes às mais diferentes culturas, tornando viável a formação de uma comunidade global fundada em uma base intersubjetiva e intercultural, que se afirme como cosmopolita. <em>(Página 85)</em> A fim de que se possa compreender e conceber racionalmente a idéia de direitos que tenham validade universal e potência absoluta frente aos demais. <em>(Página 86).</em> A fundamentação proposta articula-se em contraposição ao que se pode denominar como particularismo, perspectivismo ou relativismo. <em>(Página 86)</em></p>
<p>Outra afirmação de Kant é que a consciência humana encontra-se no constante desafio de renovação, o que a leva, segundo ele, a buscar uma autonomia comprometida com a liberdade de todo o ser humano. <em>(Nota 167 - Página 88)</em> Logo, vê-se que a verdadeira consciência individual deve ter como referencial o outro ser humano, pois é exclusivamente desse modo que a consciência será realizada em sua plenitude.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Kant também faz a diferenciação entre lei prática e máxima: <strong>Lei prática</strong> é definida como o princípio segundo o qual todo ser racional deve agir, trata-se de um imperativo e tem caráter prático. Enquanto <strong>Máxima</strong> é o princípio segundo o sujeito age, nesse caso a ação é fruto de considerações subjetivas e está condicionada às condições do indivíduo, suas ignorâncias e suas inclinações (desejos individuais). <em>(Página 97)</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p>Para Kant, a observância das leis práticas trabalha em favor da realização do bem supremo, visto que seu conteúdo independe de avaliações subjetivas (individuais) e faculdades dos desejos.</p>
<p>Outra definição que colabora para a compreensão acertada da proposta de Kant de uma fundamentação ético-política dos direitos humanos é a constituição dos <strong>imperativos</strong>, que são fórmulas que exprimem a relação entre leis objetivas e a imperfeição subjetiva da vontade.</p>
<p>De acordo com o raciocínio kantiano, os <strong>imperativos hipotéticos</strong> ambicionam a realização de bens específicos que, por sua vez, são estabelecidos conforme demandarem as contingências particulares a que os seres humanos estiverem sujeitos. Já os <strong>imperativos categóricos</strong>, por seu turno, ambicionam determinar de imediato os comportamentos que sejam condizentes com a realização do bem supremo da moralidade, motivo pelo qual se pode dizer que não se relacionam diretamente com a matéria da ação e com o que dela possa resultar, alternativamente, podem ser denominados como imperativos da moralidade. <em>(Página 99 e 100)</em></p>
<p>A necessidade de uma lei prática, reconhecível por todos os seres humanos, é preconizada por Kant porque possibilita configurar limites para as condutas humanas que pretendem orientar-se de uma forma ética e racional que preserve espaços ou esferas recíprocas (mútuas) para (manifest)ações de vontades livres, ou seja, que assegure o valor da tolerância. <em>(Página 102)</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p>Desde o nível de atuação cultural mais básico, relativo ao papel desempenhado pelo indivíduo no âmbito da comunidade, até o nível de atuação cultural mais abrangente, relativo ao papel desempenhado pelas instituições sociais tradicionais no âmbito das civilizações, vale a reciprocidade das condutas dos seres racionais<em>. (Página 105)</em> </p>
<p>Após engendrar uma concepção imparcial da moralidade, os deveres morais devem ser desdobrados como deveres jurídicos e reciprocamente reconhecidos pelos seres humanos no campo do processo político-prático e incorporados em um ordenamento jurídico condizente com o âmbito cultural constituído e organizado sob a forma de sociedade moral, como expressão de direitos pertencentes a todos os indivíduos e adequadamente denominados como direitos humanos fundamentais. <em>(Página 107)</em></p>
<p>Haja ponderado que as culturas são diferentes (plurais), mas não necessariamente divergentes, a possibilidade do universalismo dos direitos humanos torna-se mais razoável. Para arquitetar essa perspectiva fizeram-se necessárias as contribuições proporcionadas pelas teorias clássicas do contrato social erigidas por Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau e, finalmente Immanuel Kant, que proclama a possibilidade de um acordo intercultural ser firmado em bases substanciais intersubjetivas. <em>(Página 108)</em></p>
<p>A felicidade na lente kantiana é o estado de um ente racional no mundo para o qual, no todo de sua existência, tudo se passa segundo o seu desejo e vontade. Mas, e em caso conflito? Kant afirma que devemos fazer aquilo que é igualmente bom para todas as pessoas.</p>
<p>A razoabilidade moral conformando a noção de direito tem como obstáculo as discussões políticas-culturais que irremediavelmente acabam em debates ideológicos que enfatizam as diferenças ao invés de fatores de identificação entre culturas<em>. (Página 105)</em> O afastamento dessas condutas é um passo inicial para a concepção política de justiça global que encerra padrões compartilhados do justo. Lembrada aqui a contribuição de John Rawls de que justiça se relaciona com equidade.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Acrescentar as ponderações ético-antropológicas ofertadas pelos teóricos clássicos do contrato social promovem a superação de argumentos de  justificação de costumes, deveres, direitos e virtudes exclusivamente alicerçados nas tradições culturais específicas às quais se institucionalizaram e se legitimaram. Os enfoques salientam a necessidade do uso da força coercitiva pelo aparato burocrático-estatal sobre alguém que viola o direito, entendido como a liberdade de outros indivíduos (percebido na contribuição de todos os autores referenciados, mas acentuado na obra de Hobbes); a importância da limitação do uso deste poder mediante o reconhecimento de direitos pertencentes aos homens (ressaltado por John Locke e Kant); a identificação de motivações (razões) para o estabelecimento de direitos pelos homens (enfoque de Rousseau e Kant); e o uso da moralidade como critério objetivo para pautar a avaliação e a determinação da validade dos direitos humanos estabelecidos intersubjetivamente (que tem seu ápice na obra de Kant). <em>(Página 124 e 125).</em></p>
<p>Desse modo, é notória a necessidade da tolerância cultural, o comprometimento com o princípio de reciprocidade e a razoabilidade das manifestações culturais para a coexistência e a convivência estável, duradoura, pacifica e ordenada de culturas díspares em um mesmo ambiente compartilhado: uma sociedade mundial.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>xxx</p>
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<title><![CDATA[INFINITY OVER ZERO by Cole Coonce, PART THREE: PUSHING THE ENVELOPE]]></title>
<link>http://infinityoverzero.wordpress.com/?p=3</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 02 Sep 2008 21:10:31 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>kerobomb</dc:creator>
<guid>http://infinityoverzero.pt-br.wordpress.com/2008/09/02/infinity-over-zero-part-three/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[PART THREE: PUSHING THE ENVELOPE


PULP FICTION (1996)


&#8220;The writing&#8217;s on the wall: The]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;line-height:200%;"><strong><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times;color:#000000;">PART THREE: PUSHING THE ENVELOPE</span></strong></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;line-height:200%;"><strong><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times;color:#000000;">PULP FICTION (1996)</span></strong></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times;color:#000000;"><em>"The writing's on the wall: The day of the backyard mechanic is over."</em> <strong>- overheard in Bruno's Coffee Shop, September 1997.</strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times;color:#000000;">"I just got this nutty fax from Jocko." On my phone machine is a message from the editor of HOT ROD Magazine. Jocko's fax said the magazine did not have his permission to run the feature on him, which he likened to "pulp fiction." If it ran, he would sue Petersen Publishing.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times;color:#000000;">One of Jocko's many complaints was that I had referenced one of his neighbors in the story, an outside thinker and engineer named George Van Tassel, who had built a time machine known as the Integratron at a place he called Spaceport Earth. "Everyone knows Van Tassel is a kook," Jocko said.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times;color:#000000;">They run the story anyway.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;line-height:200%;"><strong><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times;color:#000000;">THE PHONE CALL (1997)</span></strong></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times;color:#000000;">The phone call comes from Shell Oil's media power center in West Los Angeles. It is the day after Labor Day, 1997. The voice on the other end, an oil company's flak who apparently had drawn Craig Breedlove as his assignment, is clueing me in as to how, beginning tomorrow and after a year long hiatus following the 675 mph mishap, the speed trials are back on for the <em>Spirit of America</em> at the parched alkali of Black Rock, Nevada. It is official, the first proper supersonic Land Speed Record attempts are a green light. I am to get credentialed tomorrow at a hotel in Reno, NV, whereupon Craig Breedlove will rendezvous with the press and lead a caravan out to the desert like some latter-day man-machine Mohammed. At the press conference he will explain the modifications and improvements administered to a land speed machine that had become unstable and crashed at transonic speeds.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times;color:#000000;">In the days following Breedlove's 1996 near-calamitous daredevil act - near the speed clocks, Breedlove got out of the groove and began bicycling his sleek J79 jet engine-powered manned missile like a circus act, the 5-wheeled vehicle riding on the front tire and one rear wheel rolling and yawing off course until it made an abrupt right hand turn and was aimed at some Snowbird-types in an RV (by the grace of the All-Knowing, by a whisker had Breedlove missed torpedoing these senior citizen motorheads who had hoped to witness history, not aware that unwittingly they had almost become new members of the Good Sam's Club in the Sky) - the more dubious members of the motorsports press had surmised that Breedlove's speed was closer to 475 mph.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times;color:#000000;">"Performance incentive clauses" was the phrase bandied about by these cynics, in reference to the reality that Craig would need beaucoup greenbacks from his sponsors to repair his exotic race car. The only confirmation of the actual speed of the vehicle as it became unstable came from the Spirit of America itself. (Breedlove showed data from the run which corroborated his speed, apparently.)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times;color:#000000;">Whether the streamliner was traveling at 475 mph or 675 mph was rather moot; the <em>Spirit of America</em> had failed to reach its objective of reclaiming the Land Speed Record from the clutches of the British in general and Richard Noble, Order of the British Empire in specific. The recent improvements to the race car's contour promised to render ‘er even sleeker than last year's model, a design which already resembled an arrow from the quill of the Pauites.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times;color:#000000;">There were also conflicting reports about whether Craig intends to crack the sound barrier or if his intent is to get the car up to trans- and sub-sonic speeds, and then remove himself out of the hot seat, install a remote controlled drone system and then go supersonic.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times;color:#000000;">In other words, there was a chance that when the <em>Spirit of America</em> went Mach 1, it may not have a driver.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times;color:#000000;">To get the skinny, the publicist tells me, I have to be at the Reno press conference by noon tomorrow. The flak kindly asks me to be sure to include references to Shell Oil in the article on Breedlove I was to pen for HOT ROD Magazine. I assume he means in relation to its continued patronage of Breedlove's increasingly-streamlined fuselage, a relation that dated back to 1962, and not its recent alleged complicity in the political assassination of Ken Saro Wiwa and genocide in Nigeria, when some of the locals were less than happy with what they considered exploitation... Ultimately, notions of tyranny and subterfuge in the Third World are now dormant in my mind. The important thing is that the Grunions are Go! The Land Speed Record is about to be raised...</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times;color:#000000;">The hour is late... I have just enough time for loading a camera bag with lenses and a half dozen plastic canisters of Ilford, cramming some clothing and toiletries into a shoulder bag, brewing up a thermos of Cafe Bustello, jumping in the Batmobile so's to make time to the Burbank Airport, throw a credit card down on an airline counter and catch a plane to Reno.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times;color:#000000;">Because of the haste and my appearance, I would fit the profile of a terrorist: unshaven, jittery, amped on caffeine, paying with a credit card and demanding to be put on an airplane that was just about to taxi... but that routine would be repeated often during the next six weeks or so and was part and parcel of chasing the Land Speed Record, I would find out that Richard Noble's adage about "Going fast is slow business," is not accurate: it is slow business with a co-efficient of chasing airplanes.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times;color:#000000;">My journey would only take a few hours. In Newtonian terms, the Land Speed bunch had taken an eternity to arrive at this moment; in four-dimensional respects, an infinity.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;line-height:200%;"><strong><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times;color:#000000;">BAD DAY AT BLACK ROCK (1997)</span></strong></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times;color:#000000;">On the eve of the press conferences in Reno heralding the Mach 1 attempts, I arrive at the Reno Airport after spending the flight engaging in heavy and heated discourse with a geeky film buff about the aforementioned Spencer Tracy movie. I am heavily mythologizing not only the flick, but the actual location of Black Rock itself. He's not buying it.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times;color:#000000;">"Yeah," I said with authority, "there is a coffee shop called ‘Bruno's' that is right across the street from the train station used in <em>Bad Day at Black Rock</em>. It has to be the same diner coffee shop where Spencer Tracy - with his only good arm - karate chopped Ernest Borgnine in the throat."</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times;color:#000000;">"Well that can't be," the geek in the seat next to me sniffs, as he ramps his bifocals up the bridge of his nose. "I have the laserdisc in my library and on one of the Second Audio Programs the director, John Sturges, explains at length how they used these abandoned railroad tracks they found in Bishop, California for the train scenes. That fictitious coffee shop was actually a set on a back lot in Burbank."</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times;color:#000000;">"I'm telling you they shot this film in Gerlach, Nevada. I've been there AND I've seen the movie. Spencer Tracy gets off the friggin' train in Gerlach."</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times;color:#000000;">"That sir is empirically impossible," the geek bleats.  "The production never set foot in Nevada.  Rent the laserdisc."</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times;color:#000000;">"Laserdiscs are Satanic."</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times;color:#000000;">When the plane lands, en route to scoring a rent-a-car I go to the Information Booth in hopes of procuring a map of the Gerlach area - I've been there before, but this is the kind of terrain where you just don't want to get lost. There is a kindly, slightly senilitic Chamber of Commerce croater behind the counter who asks me where I am headed. I tell him, "Black Rock," so he says, "Lovelock, it's right here, " and he points to the town of Lovelock on the map.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times;color:#000000;">"No," I say, "ummm, Black Rock, out by Gerlach."</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times;color:#000000;">"Ohhh; Tomahawk, it's right here, just take I-80 east past..."</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times;color:#000000;">"No, no, no," I interrupt and point to my destination on his map, crinkling it a little bit.  "Black Rock, out by Gerlach."</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times;color:#000000;">"O-h-h-h, Black Rock. That's easy: Just take I-80 east to Fernley and take 447 north to Gerlach. It'll take you right to the station where Spencer Tracy got off the train."</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Times;color:#000000;">"Actually," I pipe up, "that movie was shot in Bishop, California and on a back lot in Burbank."<br />
"You have a nice drive, sir."</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style=